“…They can be easily combined with various fully 3D constitutive models (e.g., orthotropic elastic behavior, plastic behavior), without any further assumptions, such as plane-stress assumptions. Based on the reduced-integration technique (see, e.g., [ 9 ]), they are often combined with advanced strategies to alleviate locking phenomena, such as the assumed-strain method (ASM) (see, e.g., [ 4 ]), the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) formulation (see, e.g., [ 10 ]), and the assumed natural strain (ANS) approach (see, e.g., [ 11 ]). Several FE formulations for the analysis of thin FGM structures have been developed in the literature.…”