Physicochemical and bioactive compounds at edible ripeness of eleven varieties of avocado (Persea americana) cultivated in the Andean Region of Peru

Abstract

This work aimed evaluating some physicochemical compounds, hydrophilic (H-AC) and lipophilic (L-AC) antioxidant capacity of eleven avocado genotypes grown in the Andes. The results show great variability in physical and chemical properties, dry matter (DM) and lipid contents with ranges of 18.4-39.3% and 10.1-23.2%, respectively. All genotypes had high oleic acid content (50.4-69.9%) and a high unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio (UFA/SFA, from 3.05 to 6.05), while the unsaponifiable fraction contained mainly b-sitosterol (140.83-235.51 mg/100 g DM) and a-tocopherol (17.44-71.29 µg/g DM). Total phenolic compounds (TPC), H-AC and L-AC ranged from 0.48 to 0.88 mg EAG/g DM, 5.37 to 14.00 and 1.87 to 6.71 lmol ET/g DM, respectively. Although the genotype influences avocado characteristics, climatic conditions in the Andean region seem to be important for the biosynthesis of metabolites of interest and should be considered in future studies.

The Quality Evaluation of Avocado Fruits (Persea americana Mill.) of Hass Produced in Different Localities on the Island of Tenerife, Spain

“…The dry matter and fat contents of the avocado plants harvested in the SI and SA localities were high, while those harvested in the TA localities had the lowest values for these parameters of all the locations sampled. Dry matter and fat values were within the ranges described for Hass avocados [25,27,[30][31][32][33], and fat values were lower than those shown by Daiuto et al [34], Peraza-Magallanes et al [35], and Rozan et al [28]. Avocados were a good source of dietary fiber (6.3 ± 0.7%), with values ranging from 5.4% (BU) to 6.8% (SI).…”

“…However, Rozan et al [28] (12.8 mg 100 g −1 FW) and Tesfay et al [7] (13.5-15.6 mg 100 g −1 FW) reported much higher ascorbic acid concentrations in Hass avocado pulp. In avocados, α-tocopherol predominates (the most biologically active form of vitamin E), with β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol being found in lower amounts, and all tocopherols are potent scavengers of lipoperoxyl radicals [11,30,38]. The α-tocopherol content did significantly differ (p > 0.05) among the locations studied, in contrast to the findings of Henao-Rojas et al [27].…”

Short vs. Long-Distance Avocado Supply Chains: Life Cycle Assessment Impact Associated to Transport and Effect of Fruit Origin and Supply Conditions Chain on Primary and Secondary Metabolites

“…Similarly, Huamán-Alvino et al [ 44 ] reported a content of 0.64 g GAE kg −1 DW for Peruvian Hass avocado harvested at the mid of the harvesting season grown in the Andean Region. Thus, the differences in the TPC content seem to be mainly related to the origin and, consequently, to the different growing conditions.…”

“…The fatty acid profiles and percentages did not change during the whole supply chain as previously reported [ 43 ]. Differences were related to fruit origin and associated to the different growing conditions, especially differences in temperature fluctuations during fruit growth and development, which result in a longer period from flower to harvest in Chile than in Spain [ 16 , 19 , 43 , 44 ]. Donetti and Terry [ 18 ] and Pedreschi et al [ 43 ] reported a much higher oleic acid content in Chilean Hass avocados than those shown in this study.…”

“…Donetti and Terry [ 18 ] reported differences in fatty acid profiles as well as sugars among avocados from Spain, Chile, and Peru. Even within a country, due to differences in agroclimatic and growing conditions, differences in fatty acid profiles have been reported [ 19 , 43 , 44 , 56 ].…”