Physiochemical and pharmacological characterization of a Δ9-THC aerosol generated by a metered dose inhaler

Wilson, David M.; Peart, Joanne; Martin, Billy R.; Bridgen, D.Troy; Byron, Peter R.; Lichtman, Aron H.

doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00078-9

Cited by 42 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The euphoria is intense and might last 2-4 h. When cannabis is administered orally, the bioavailability ranges from 6% to 20%; the onset of action is slow (30-60 min); the euphoria is less pronounced; the effects are progressive and last longer (Ben Amar, 2006). When there are problems with taking an oral medication because of nausea and vomiting, a patient may be able to exert better control by using the smoking route than that through an orally administered gel capsule (Wilson et al, 2002).…”

Section: Pharmacodynamics and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 96%

Medicinal smokes

Mohagheghzadeh

Faridi

Shams-Ardakani

et al. 2006

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

294

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All through time, humans have used smoke of medicinal plants to cure illness. To the best of our knowledge, the ethnopharmacological aspects of natural products' smoke for therapy and health care have not been studied. Mono- and multi-ingredient herbal and non-herbal remedies administered as smoke from 50 countries across the 5 continents are reviewed. Most of the 265 plant species of mono-ingredient remedies studied belong to Asteraceae (10.6%), followed by Solanaceae (10.2%), Fabaceae (9.8%) and Apiaceae (5.3%). The most frequent medical indications for medicinal smoke are pulmonary (23.5%), neurological (21.8%) and dermatological (8.1%). Other uses of smoke are not exactly medical but beneficial to health, and include smoke as a preservative or a repellent and the social use of smoke. The three main methods for administering smoke are inhalation, which accounts for 71.5% of the indications; smoke directed at a specific organ or body part, which accounts for 24.5%; ambient smoke (passive smoking), which makes up the remaining 4.0%. Whereas inhalation is typically used in the treatment of pulmonary and neurological disorders and directed smoke in localized situations, such as dermatological and genito-urinary disorders, ambient smoke is not directed at the body at all but used as an air purifier. The advantages of smoke-based remedies are rapid delivery to the brain, more efficient absorption by the body and lower costs of production. This review highlights the fact that not enough is known about medicinal smoke and that a lot of natural products have potential for use as medicine in the smoke form. Furthermore, this review argues in favor of medicinal smoke extended use in modern medicine as a form of drug delivery and as a promising source of new active natural ingredients.

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Section: Pharmacodynamics and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 96%

Medicinal smokes

Mohagheghzadeh

Faridi

Shams-Ardakani

et al. 2006

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

294

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“…21 Long-term marijuana smoking could also pose the same threats as long-term tobacco smoking, such as emphysematouslike respiratory disease and possibly lung cancer. 20 For similar reasons, oral administration of marijuana is also unsuitable. Unfortunately, due to extensive first-pass metabolism, 22,23 cannabinoid bioavailability is low when administered by this route.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 However, smoking can have an inconsistent effect on IOP due to variation in the amount of drug inhaled and drug impurities. 20 In addition, cardiovascular, psychotropic, and local ocular adverse effects preclude the inhalation route. 21 Long-term marijuana smoking could also pose the same threats as long-term tobacco smoking, such as emphysematouslike respiratory disease and possibly lung cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Topical and Intravenous Administration of WIN 55-212-2 in Normotensive Rabbits

Samudre

Schneider

Oltmanns

et al. 2008

Current Eye Research

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“…Recently, MDIs have been investigated for treatment of systemic diseases due to the rapid absorption and systemic distribution of drugs delivered to the lung (Hirst et al 2002;Kapitza et al 2003;Wilson et al 2002). Each time an MDI is actuated, a very precise amount of formulation is delivered from a metering valve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relative Influence of Atomization and Evaporation on Metered Dose Inhaler Drug Delivery Efficiency

Stein

Myrdal

2006

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Factors influencing the delivery efficiency from HFA-134a MDIs were examined theoretically and experimentally. The time required for evaporation of HFA-134a and ethanol droplets were theoretically calculated. HFA-134a droplets were shown to evaporate approximately seven times faster than ethanol droplets of the same size, even though HFA-134a droplets cool to approximately 78 degrees below ambient temperature during evaporation. MDI delivery efficiency was experimentally shown to decrease with increasing ethanol concentration, however, the corresponding decrease in vapor pressure was not the primary variable responsible for the decreased efficiency. Rather, this was shown to be primarily due to the increased time required for the droplets to evaporate as ethanol concentration increased. Droplets that evaporate slowly remain for a longer period in the size range that is more likely to deposit via turbulent deposition in the actuator mouthpiece or USP Inlet during cascade impaction tests. Tests with experimental MDIs using alternative cosolvents confirmed that MDI delivery efficiency is much more sensitive to the time required for evaporation of the droplets than on the formulation vapor pressure or the size of the atomized droplets. This indicates that factors affecting the evaporation of an MDI aerosol play a larger role in determining MDI delivery efficiency than do atomization effects.

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Physiochemical and pharmacological characterization of a Δ9-THC aerosol generated by a metered dose inhaler

Cited by 42 publications

References 30 publications

Medicinal smokes

Medicinal smokes

Comparison of Topical and Intravenous Administration of WIN 55-212-2 in Normotensive Rabbits

The Relative Influence of Atomization and Evaporation on Metered Dose Inhaler Drug Delivery Efficiency

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