Physiologic Climates of the Conterminous United States: A Bioclimatic Classification Based on Man

Terjung, Werner H.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1966.tb00549.x

Cited by 121 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It was shown that the combination of WCET and exposure duration was very well related to performance with correlations exceeding 0.9 for finger dexterity (formula [4]). Teichner 7) was one of the few who related dexterity to wind-chill.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual Performance Deterioration in the Cold Estimated Using the Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature

Daanen

2009

Ind Health

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Decreased dexterity is a major problem for manual work during prolonged cold exposure. Manual task performance deteriorates and therefore the number of accidents increases in the cold 1) . Also, the safety of others can be compromised, for instance an aircraft loading crew that is seriously affected by cold can unintentionally threaten the safety of the flying personnel. Therefore, directives are needed to indicate when a decrease in manual performance is to be expected so that a fresh crew can take over in time. Factors influencing the exposure time are 1) climatic factors: ambient temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation; 2) personal factors: fat insulation, susceptibility to cold, acclimatization; 3) metabolic rate; 4) clothing insulation.It would be unachievable to vary all these factors in a single experiment; therefore we determined the most critical factors for a study aimed to quantify the dexterity decrease in the cold. We decided to vary two climatic factors and clothing insulation and to take the worst case for personal factors (less than average fat percentage, not previously exposed to cold) and metabolic rate (sitting in rest).Since the humidity content in cold air is low, this factor was left out. Steadman 2) previously estimated the impact of solar radiation, so the remaining thermal factors included in the analysis are ambient temperature and wind speed. These two factors are combined in the Wind Chill Index (WCI) or Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature (WCET).The WCET is commonly used as an estimator for the risk for freezing cold injuries 3, 4) but it is also used to estimate cold related mortality 5) and dexterity decrease 6, 7) . Siple and Passel 3) first introduced the WCI-term based on empirical data. Using the WCI, the 'subjective' temper- Abstract: Manual performance during work in cold and windy climates is severely hampered by decreased dexterity, but valid dexterity decrease predictors based on climatic factors are scarce. Therefore, this study investigated the decrease in finger-and hand dexterity and grip force for nine combinations of ambient temperature (-20, -10 and 0˚C) and wind speeds (0.2, 4 and 8 m·s 2 ), controlled in a climatic chamber. Finger dexterity was determined by the Purdue pegboard test, hand dexterity by the Minnesota manual dexterity test and grip force by a hand dynamometer. Twelve subjects with average to low fat percentage were exposed to cold air for one hour with and without extra insulation by a parka. The subjects were clothed in standard work clothing of the Royal Netherlands Air Force for cold conditions. Extra insulation did affect cold sensation but not manual performance. The deterioration in manual performance appeared to be strongly dependent upon Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature (WCET) and the square root of exposure time (r=0.93 for group average). These simple models may be valuable to assess problems with work in the cold, but more work should be done to determine critical values in dexterity for a wide variety of operational ta...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual Performance Deterioration in the Cold Estimated Using the Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature

Daanen

2009

Ind Health

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“…Furthermore, sunshine is, together with precipitation and wind, one of the elements that are most clearly perceived by the tourist. Therefore, the delimitation of thresholds for this parameter can be based on the preferences shown by tourists in surveys (Terjung 1966, Campbell & Beets 1977, Cunningham 1979.…”

Section: Daily Sunshinementioning

confidence: 99%

Climate potential and tourist demand in Catalonia (Spain) during the summer season

Gómez-Martín¹

2006

Clim. Res.

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This article shows how the study of climate-preference demand (through surveys, interviews, behavior observation, etc.) is a key factor in the development of a catalog of types of weather suitable for tourism, which can then be applied to present or future climatic scenarios with the goal of evaluating climate-tourism potential. The proposal utilizes the weather-types method of Besancenot, Mounier and de Lavenne, which incorporates 7 climate variables and comfort indexes relevant to general tourism activities, to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of climate resources for tourism in Catalonia (Spain). The results were compared with the tourist's reality in the area of study, by considering the number of visitors and the occupation rate of tourist lodging. The study of present climate suitabilities and of tourists' behavior discloses several uncertainties that should be examined; however, at the same time, these suggest several management strategies which, if adopted, could be immediately beneficial for the tourist sector. At present, in the Spanish and Catalan case, the opportunities offered by climate-tourist resources are not being fully utilized. The periods and places identified as climatically suitable for tourism are greater than the periods and spaces actually used by tourists. This is why the agents and operators in the market must act on the demand, in consideration of the geographic-tourist space, and on the supply to maximize use of the climate resource.KEY WORDS: Weather · Climate · Tourism potential · Demand · Climate change · Catalonia Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherClim Res 32: [75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87] 2006 the question remain uncertain, but at the same time, it also offers some essential ideas for management strategies that would improve opportunities for the tourism sector both now and in a future climate-change scenario.

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“…In this work we have used some of the most widely used comfort indices: Discomfort index (ID) [3], Wet Bright Bulb Index (WBGT) [4], and some charts such as Olgyay's Chart [5] and Terjung's Chart [6], as well as some recent indices such as Vinje's Cooling Power (PE) [7].…”

Section: Urban Planning Comfort and Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation influences on the human thermal comfort in outdoor spaces: criteria for urban planning

Gómez

Montero

Vicente

et al. 2008

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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This work addresses one of the most important questions in ecological engineering to do with cities: it is something which interests engineers and architects and, more generally, all those whose duty it is to make decisions on urban planning.A methodology is put forward relating green zones with the environmental comfort of a city since, after establishing this relationship, one can start to formulate comfort indices quantifying green zones for each zone or district of a city.Lastly, certain considerations connected with the arrangement of these green zones are analyzed giving a vital tool for urban planning with an ecological perspective.This paper analyses the impact of green zones on urban environments. To this end the quantity and quality of green areas required for a city to become comfortable, as well as its distribution in the urban tissue, are studied, taking into consideration users' accessibility to the green zones.

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Physiologic Climates of the Conterminous United States: A Bioclimatic Classification Based on Man

Cited by 121 publications

References 23 publications

Manual Performance Deterioration in the Cold Estimated Using the Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature

Manual Performance Deterioration in the Cold Estimated Using the Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature

Climate potential and tourist demand in Catalonia (Spain) during the summer season

Vegetation influences on the human thermal comfort in outdoor spaces: criteria for urban planning

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