Physiological and Ethological Effects of Fluoxetine, A Study Using Ants as Biological Models

Cammaerts, Marie-Claire; Cammaerts, David

doi:10.5539/ijb.v7n2p1

Cited by 20 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Studies on the impact of age, activity and diet on M. ruginodis' conditioning capability (Cammaerts & Gosset, 2014) leaded to presume that ants could be good biological models. This was confirmed by the study of the effects of caffeine, theophylline, cocaine, and atropine (Cammaerts, Rachidi, & Gosset, 2014), of nicotine (Cammaerts, Gosset, & Rachidi, 2014), of morphine and quinine (M.-C. Cammaerts & R. Cammaerts, 2014), of fluoxetine, an 'ISRS' antidepressant (M.-C. Cammaerts & D. Cammaerts, 2015a), as well as of anafranil, an 'ACT' antidepressant and of efexor, an 'IRSNa' antidepressant (M.-C. Cammaerts & D. Cammaerts, 2015b), on M. sabuleti as model. Each time, we observed effects related to those observed for humans, and brought information as well as precision about effects of the examined substance, of course on M. sabuleti, but clearly leading to presume similar effects for humans and other living organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Potential Harmful Effects of Carbamazepine on Aquatic Organisms, A Study Using Ants as Invertebrate Models

Cammaerts¹,

Cammaerts²,

Rachidi³

2015

IJB

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One of the most common pharmaceutical substances present in natural water is carbamazepine, a drug given to persons suffering from epilepsies or pain in their cerebral nervous system, and eliminated intact by the kidneys through sewage systems into rivers. This substance may affect macroinvertebrates and vertebrates depending on watercourses. We thus studied its physiological and ethological effects on ants used as biological models. Carbamazepine decreased the ants' speed of locomotion, increasing so their sinuosity of movement. It decreased the precision of their reaction, their 'audacity', their research activity for food, their cognitive ability in navigating through chicanes, and slightly reduced their olfactory perception. It did not impact their response to pheromones, their brood caring behavior, and their visual perception. It somewhat reduced their tactile perception, induced aggressiveness between congeners while slightly reducing that towards aliens. Carbamazepine largely increased the ants' ability in acquiring visual and olfactory conditioning, as well as their visual and olfactory memory. Ants never developed dependence on, or habituation to, that drug consumption. After its consumption ended, the effects of carbamazepine vanished in 20 hrs (for the linear speed), 26 hrs (for the sinuosity), and 32 hrs (for the orientation towards an alarm signal). These different physiological and ethological effects, revealed on ants, may occur for persons consuming that drug, and for living organisms depending on natural water contaminated by that drug. Attention should so be paid, as for these effects, to persons cared of with carbamazepine, and improved systems of depuration should be set up for eliminating that drug (as well as several other pharmaceutical pollutant substances) from the (yet not sufficiently) treated waste waters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Potential Harmful Effects of Carbamazepine on Aquatic Organisms, A Study Using Ants as Invertebrate Models

Cammaerts¹,

Cammaerts²,

Rachidi³

2015

IJB

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“…Studies on the impact of age, activity and diet on their conditioning capability 18 led to presume that ants could be good biological models. This was confirmed on Myrmica species by the study of the effects of caffeine, theophylline, cocaine and atropine 19 , of nicotine 20 , of morphine and quinine 21 , of fluoxetine (an 'ISRS' antidepressant) 22 , of anafranil (an ' ACT' antidepressant) and efexor (an 'IRSNa' antidepressant) 23 , of carbamazepine 24 , and of buprenorphine and methadone 25 . Each time, effects observed on humans were confirmed and precised, and new information was produced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Physiological and Ethological Disruptions Induced by a Mixture of Saccharose/Sucralose 99.5/0.5 - A Study on Ants as Models

Cammaerts¹,

Rachidi²

2016

AJPRHC

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Experiments made on ants as biological models revealed that a marketed 1.3g saccharose/sucralose 99.5/0.5 mixture increased sugared water consumption, decreased general activity, precision of reaction, audacity, brood caring, cognition and ability in acquiring visual conditioning (short term memory), induced aggressiveness against nestmates, and slightly reduced tactile perception. It may not change the speed of locomotion and did not affect middle and long term memory. The adverse effects may be related to the strong sugared taste of the mixture (in presence of saccharose and the mixture, the ants slightly preferred the latter) though containing 4.7 times less sugar than an amount of saccharose providing equivalent sweetness, and to the toxic chloropropanols sucralose may produce. When ants consumed again sugar instead of a saccharose/sucralose mixture, their aggressiveness rapidly decreased during eight hours and entirely vanished in 29 hours.

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“…It also induced aggressiveness against nest mates and leads to dependence. 13 All this incites us to recommend the use of sedinal plus®, a safe natural mixture of four adequately chosen plants. 14 Statins impact the health; a safe natural product should be used instead of them These substances are used for treating persons suffering from hypercholesterolemia.…”

Section: Glutamate Monosodium Should Be Avoidedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of quinine vanished in 10 hours. 7 To be protected against malaria, humans ingest quinine every 24 hours. This is enough for avoiding the formation of schizontes (they develop in 3 or 4 days, causing then the tertian or quartan fever), and humans are thus protected and do not for die from malaria.…”

Section: Large Use Of Quinine Has Increased Malaria Dispersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We made this study in three steps on the ant M. Sabuleti. [8][9][10] The first kind of antidepressants used, the TCA, appeared to be the less toxic, slightly impacting the ants' behavior, inducing no aggressiveness towards nestmates, and leading to no dependence. The second kind of antidepressants used, the SNaRI, presented more adverse effects, inducing among others some aggressiveness against nestmates, and reducing cognition as well as conditioning ability and memory.…”

Section: Large Use Of Quinine Has Increased Malaria Dispersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some Findings on Ants as Models, Which Should be Considered for Caring of Humans

Cammaerts¹

2017

MOJBM

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The harmful effects of many situations and substances used by humans have been studied using ants as biological models. Some results are of high interest for caring of humans. They are published, together with other results, in different journals, all along these last years. Consequently, they may have been not detected by concerned persons. In the present short paper, we summarize the most relevant ones, giving each time the initial reference, so that, this time, practitioners, pharmacists, and psychologists could have access to judicious information. These results concern, among others, electromagnetism, drugs, food additive, sweeteners, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and an analgesic

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Physiological and Ethological Effects of Fluoxetine, A Study Using Ants as Biological Models

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Potential Harmful Effects of Carbamazepine on Aquatic Organisms, A Study Using Ants as Invertebrate Models

Potential Harmful Effects of Carbamazepine on Aquatic Organisms, A Study Using Ants as Invertebrate Models

Physiological and Ethological Disruptions Induced by a Mixture of Saccharose/Sucralose 99.5/0.5 - A Study on Ants as Models

Some Findings on Ants as Models, Which Should be Considered for Caring of Humans

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