Physiological and pathological adaptations in dairy cows that may increase susceptibility to periparturient diseases and disorders

Drackley, J.K.; Dann, H.M.; Douglas, Garry J.; Guretzky, Nicole A. Janovick; Litherland, N.B.; Underwood, John P.; Loor, Juan J.

doi:10.4081/ijas.2005.323

Cited by 255 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 128 publications

(205 reference statements)

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“…Kronfeld [92] reviewed that the supply of lipogenic precursors for milk production relative to glycogenic precursors in the diet determines the susceptibility of cows to spontaneous ketosis; liver triglyceride to glycogen ratio indicates the relative supply of these nutrients [55]. In addition, both Grummer [55] and Drackley [93] suggest in their reviews that the occurrence of fatty liver may also have a direct effect on carbohydrate metabolism by an impaired gluconeogenesis in the liver, resulting in an increased susceptibility to ketosis.…”

Section: Effect Of Lipogenic and Glycogenic Nutrients On Metabolic DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle

et al. 2005

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-The pathway for oxidation of energy involves a balanced oxidation of C2 and C3 compounds. During early lactation in dairy cattle this C2/C3 ratio is out of balance, due to a high availability of lipogenic (C2) products and a low availability of glycogenic (C3) products relative of the C2 and C3 products required for milk production. This review compares studies which manipulated dietary energy source and shows that dietary energy source can affect the balance of the C2/C3 ratio, as indicated by plasma NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and glucose levels. It is shown that glycogenic nutrients increase glucose and insulin concentrations and decrease NEFA and BHBA plasma levels. Extra lipogenic nutrients elevate NEFA and BHBA and decrease plasma glucose concentrations. Lipogenic nutrients generally increase milk fat percentage and decrease milk protein percentage, suggesting a surplus of C2 compounds. The inverse is the case for feeding extra glycogenic nutrients, implying reduced deamination and oxidation of glycogenic amino acids. Feeding extra glycogenic nutrients improved the energy balance (EB), in contrast to ambiguous results of lipogenic nutrients on EB. Moreover, glycogenic feed may reduce the severity of ketosis and fatty liver, but increased the incidence of (sub)clinical acidosis. Since studies are scarce, it seems difficult to draw conclusions on the effects of dietary energy source on reproduction. However, lipogenic nutrients decrease glucose and increase NEFA and BHBA plasma levels. High plasma NEFA and BHBA and low plasma glucose levels are associated with decreased reproductive performance, which might imply the C2/C3 compound balance to be important for reproductive function.lipogenic nutrients / glycogenic nutrients / reproduction / energy metabolism

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Section: Effect Of Lipogenic and Glycogenic Nutrients On Metabolic DImentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle

et al. 2005

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“…Our study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to investigate serum and milk concentrations of ROS and lipoperoxides, vitamins A and E, 10 to 16 days postpartum of Friesian and Brown dairy cows, that is, in a particularly critical period for the cow, during which NEBAL is likely to develop and reach its nadir (Drackley et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NEBAL is easy to develop in the early postpartum of dairy cows, because of an alteration between energy intake and output, caused by a decrease in DMI and the increased energetic demands occurring at calving and at the beginning of lactation (Drackley et al, 2005). In such a stressful period, a rapid metabolic adaptation develops, during which the increased mitochondrial activity may lead to the overproduction of ROS (Albera and Kankofer, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows

Rizzo

Ceci

Pantaleo

et al. 2013

Animal

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In dairy cows, the intensity of metabolic activity, associated with the negative energy balance (NEBAL), is responsible for an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, subsequently, for the development of the condition of oxidative stress, which may overwhelm the antioxidant potential of the bovine maternal organism, making it prone to the development of many puerperal dysfunctions, as well as to an alteration of colostrum and milk quality. Given these premises, the aims of this study are to evaluate serum and milk concentrations of ROS and lipoperoxides, vitamins A and E, on the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum of dairy cows, a particularly critical period during which the NEBAL reaches its nadir, and to compare the trends of these parameters in two different bovine breeds. The study was performed in pluriparous Italian Friesian and Brown dairy cows. On the 10th day postpartum, all cows underwent a clinical examination to exclude the presence of alterations; furthermore, on the same day, a milk sample was collected from each cow, in order to perform the somatic cell count (SCC; (CE) N. 853/2004) and to establish which of them had an SCC <400 000/ml or .400 000/ml. In this study, among the 110 cows that were initially selected, the evaluation of these parameters allowed the inclusion of 80 animals, which were divided into four groups of 20 subjects each: Group F and F1: Italian Friesian healthy cows, with SCC <400 000/ml and .400 000/ml, respectively; Group B and B1: Italian Brown healthy cows, with SCC <400 000/ml and .400 000/ml, respectively. On the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th day postpartum, peripheral blood and milk samples were collected. The results obtained show that in group B1 there were higher concentrations of ROS and milk antioxidants compared with Friesian group cows. This datum let us suppose that even in the presence of higher ROS concentrations the antioxidant status found in group B1 seems to be able to counteract the oxidative damage, which is more likely to develop in these cows.Keywords: dairy cow, postpartum, NEBAL, ROS, vitamins ImplicationsThis work investigates the physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant concentrations in dairy cows between the 10th and the 16th day postpartum (peak of negative energy balance (NEBAL)) and highlights the importance of an adequate antioxidant system in dairy cows, particularly during NEBAL, in order to prevent and/or face the outcome of many postpartum pathologies and mastitis, which are easy to develop in such a critical period of the cow. The adequacy of an antioxidant support may thus reduce the economic losses and the prolongation of calving-first oestrus, calving-conception interval, related to the above-mentioned ROS-dependent alterations. IntroductionThe transition period is particularly critical to health, productivity and fertility of dairy cows (Leroy and Vanholder, 2008;Roche et al., 2009). In the last months of gestation, the cow experiences a reduction in dry matter intake (DMI), which continues...

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“…In order to obtain a better understanding of the association between yield and transition disorders, research should target mechanisms that underlie both the drive for production and the cow's disease susceptibility. In this aspect, mechanisms regulating energy partitioning throughout the body are very interesting research targets, and insulin plays a key role in this (Drackley et al, 2005;Bossaert, 2010). Prioritization of milk yield during peak lactation is established through a postpartal decrease of insulin concentration and responsiveness (Drackley et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this aspect, mechanisms regulating energy partitioning throughout the body are very interesting research targets, and insulin plays a key role in this (Drackley et al, 2005;Bossaert, 2010). Prioritization of milk yield during peak lactation is established through a postpartal decrease of insulin concentration and responsiveness (Drackley et al, 2005). On the other hand, low insulin concentrations and responsiveness make high-yielding cows respond to nutritional shortcomings with massive body tissue mobilization, increasing their disease susceptibility (Oikawa and Oetzel, 2006;Friggens et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of parity and periconceptional metabolic state of Holstein–Friesian dams on the glucose metabolism and conformation in their newborn calves

Bossaert

Fransén

Langbeen

et al. 2014

Animal

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The metabolic state of pregnant mammals influences the offspring's development and risk of metabolic disease in postnatal life. The metabolic state in a lactating dairy cow differs immensely from that in a non-lactating heifer around the time of conception, but consequences for their calves are poorly understood. The hypothesis of this study was that differences in metabolic state between non-lactating heifers and lactating cows during early pregnancy would affect insulin-dependent glucose metabolism and development in their neonatal calves. Using a mixed linear model, concentrations of glucose, IGF-I and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were compared between 13 non-lactating heifers and 16 high-yielding dairy cows in repeated blood samples obtained during the 1st month after successful insemination. Calves born from these dams were weighed and measured at birth, and subjected to intravenous glucose and insulin challenges between 7 and 14 days of age. Eight estimators of insulin-dependent glucose metabolism were determined: glucose and insulin peak concentration, area under the curve and elimination rate after glucose challenge, glucose reduction rate after insulin challenge, and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Effects of dam parity and calf sex on the metabolic and developmental traits were analysed in a two-way ANOVA. Compared with heifers, cows displayed lower glucose and IGF-I and higher NEFA concentrations during the 1st month after conception. However, these differences did not affect developmental traits and glucose homeostasis in their calves: birth weight, withers height, heart girth, and responses to glucose and insulin challenges in the calves were unaffected by their dam's parity. In conclusion, differences in the metabolic state of heifers and cows during early gestation under field conditions could not be related to their offspring's development and glucose homeostasis.

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Physiological and pathological adaptations in dairy cows that may increase susceptibility to periparturient diseases and disorders

Abstract:
Dairy cows undergo tremendous metabolic and physiological adaptations around parturition to support lactation. The liver

is central to many of these processes, including gluconeogenesis and metabolism of fatty acids mobilized from adipose tis-

Show more

Cited by 255 publications

References 128 publications

Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle

Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows

Effects of parity and periconceptional metabolic state of Holstein–Friesian dams on the glucose metabolism and conformation in their newborn calves

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Physiological and pathological adaptations in dairy cows that may increase susceptibility to periparturient diseases and disorders

Abstract: Dairy cows undergo tremendous metabolic and physiological adaptations around parturition to support lactation. The liver is central to many of these processes, including gluconeogenesis and metabolism of fatty acids mobilized from adipose tis- Show more

Cited by 255 publications

References 128 publications

Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle

Effect of dietary energy source on energy balance, production, metabolic disorders and reproduction in lactating dairy cattle

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows

Effects of parity and periconceptional metabolic state of Holstein–Friesian dams on the glucose metabolism and conformation in their newborn calves

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Abstract:
Dairy cows undergo tremendous metabolic and physiological adaptations around parturition to support lactation. The liver

is central to many of these processes, including gluconeogenesis and metabolism of fatty acids mobilized from adipose tis-

Show more