Previous studies have shown that methane (CH 4 ) has promoting roles in the adventitious root (AR) and lateral root (LR) formation in plants. However, whether CH 4 could trigger the bulblet formation in scale cutting of Lilium davidii var. unicolor has not been elucidated. To gain insight into the effect of CH 4 on the bulblet formation, different concentrations (1, 10, 50, and 100%) of methane-rich water (MRW) and distilled water were applied to treat the scale cuttings of Lilium. We observed that treatment with 100% MRW obviously induced the bulblet formation in scale cuttings.To explore the mechanism of CH 4 -induced bulblet formation, the transcriptome of scales was analyzed. A total of 2078 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The DEGs were classified into different metabolic pathways, especially phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant signal transduction. Of these, approximately 38 candidate DEGs involved in the plant signal transduction were further studied. In addition, the expression of AP2-ERF/ERF, WRKY, GRAS, ARF, and NAC transcription factors (TFs) was changed by MRW treatment, suggesting their potential involvement in bulblet formation. As for hormones, exogenous IAA, GA, and ABA could induce the bulblet formation. Additional experiments suggested that MRW could increase the endogenous IAA, GA, and JA levels, but decrease the levels of ABA during bulblet formation, which showed that higher IAA, GA, JA levels and lower ABA content might facilitate bulblet formation. In addition, the levels of endogenous hormones were consistent with the expression level of genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction. Overall, this study has revealed that CH 4 might improve the bulblet formation of cutting scales in Lilium by regulating the expression of genes related to phytohormone signal transduction and TFs, as well as by changing the endogenous hormone levels.
| INTRODUCTIONLilies (Lilium spp.) are one of the most important bulbous plants in the floriculture industry, with high ornamental, economic, medicinal, and edible values (Li et al., 2014). Lilium davidii var. unicolor, a mutation of L. davidii Duchartre and one of the best edible Lilium in China, is renowned for its extremely special sweet taste (Xu et al., 2009). The flamboyant color of its flowers provides its ornamental value. Besides, the bulbs of Lilium davidii var. unicolor are rich in nutrients, such as vitamins, proteins, amino acids, dietary fiber, and starch, as well as a variety of bioactive substances, including olysaccharides, alkaloids, and saponins (Tian et al., 2020). There are various approaches that