Physiological consequences of the salmon louse (<i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i>) on juvenile pink salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>): implications for wild salmon ecology and management, and for salmon aquaculture

Brauner, Colin J.; Sackville, Michael; Gallagher, Z.; Tang, S.; Nendick, L.; Farrell, Anthony P.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0423

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Few other studies have explicitly explored effects of salmon size on responses to L. salmonis. A series of papers reviewed by Sutherland et al (2011) and Brauner et al (2012) describe the immunological and physiological changes that occur in juvenile pink salmon over the first few weeks in the ocean and how these influence susceptibility to L. salmonis. During this time, pink salmon increase from ~0.2 to ~2.0 g and develop from newly transformed larvae lacking scales to immunocompetent juveniles with increased resistance to L. salmonis infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and its effects on juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Jakob¹,

Sweeten²,

Bennett³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Responses of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka during infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis were assessed in controlled laboratory trials. Juvenile salmon were exposed to 100 copepodids fish −1 (Trials 1 and 2) or 300 copepodids fish −1 (Trial 3) at mean weights of approximately 40, 80 and 135 g, respectively. Infections occurred on all salmon in all trials, and mean abundances (infection densities) ranged between 3. At attachment sites on gills, we observed hyperplasia of basal epithelial cells and fusion of secondary lamellae occasionally associated with a cellular infiltrate. At attachment sites on fins, partial to complete skin erosion occurred, with limited evidence of hyperplasia or inflammation. Scale loss and abrasions coincided with pre-adult lice around 20 d post infection (dpi). Plasma osmolality was significantly elevated in exposed fish in Trials 1 (21 dpi), 2 (15 and 36 dpi) and 3 (20 dpi), whereas haematocrit was significantly depressed in exposed fish in Trials 1 (21 and 28 dpi) and 3 (20 dpi). Plasma cortisol was significantly elevated in exposed fish at 20 dpi (Trial 3). Physiological changes and mortality were related to the intensity of infection and became most prominent with pre-adult stages, suggesting patterns of infection and response in sockeye salmon similar to those reported for Atlantic and Chinook salmon.KEY WORDS: Sockeye salmon · Salmon lice · Physiology · Histopathology · Host response · SusceptibilityResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and its effects on juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Jakob¹,

Sweeten²,

Bennett³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Continuing human encroachment on these migratory stopover sites increases both the likelihood of contact and spill-over of infections from wildlife reservoirs to humans and domesticated species [10], and the other way around (i.e. the spill-over of diseases from humans and domesticated animals to wildlife) [42,43]. Conversely, migration may act to reduce infection risk.…”

Section: Reductions In Habitat Quality (A) Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Ecophysiology of avian migration in the face of current global hazards

Klaassen

Hoye

Nolet

et al. 2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

117

114

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Long-distance migratory birds are often considered extreme athletes, possessing a range of traits that approach the physiological limits of vertebrate design. In addition, their movements must be carefully timed to ensure that they obtain resources of sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy their high-energy needs. Migratory birds may therefore be particularly vulnerable to global change processes that are projected to alter the quality and quantity of resource availability. Because long-distance flight requires high and sustained aerobic capacity, even minor decreases in vitality can have large negative consequences for migrants. In the light of this, we assess how current global change processes may affect the ability of birds to meet the physiological demands of migration, and suggest areas where avian physiologists may help to identify potential hazards. Predicting the consequences of global change scenarios on migrant species requires (i) reconciliation of empirical and theoretical studies of avian flight physiology; (ii) an understanding of the effects of food quality, toxicants and disease on migrant performance; and (iii) mechanistic models that integrate abiotic and biotic factors to predict migratory behaviour. Critically, a multi-dimensional concept of vitality would greatly facilitate evaluation of the impact of various global change processes on the population dynamics of migratory birds.

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“…At the time of experiments, sea lice were not abundant on juvenile wild salmon. As a result, prey in lousy trials often had just one chalimus II stage louse, which may have had little effect on prey susceptibility to predation (Krkošek et al 2011, Brauner et al 2012. Effect sizes may have been much larger for infestation levels such as those measured in the early 2000s (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sea lice are marine copepods that feed on the epidermis, blood and muscle of salmonid hosts. Sea lice develop through copepodid, chalimus and motile stages while attached to hosts, with virulence increasing with stage (Brauner et al 2012). Infestation pressure is naturally quite low for wild juvenile salmon during their early marine phase (Gottesfeld et al 2009) but has increased in recent decades due to the expansion of salmon aquaculture providing alternative hosts in coastal ecosystems (Frazer et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infestation pressure is naturally quite low for wild juvenile salmon during their early marine phase (Gottesfeld et al 2009) but has increased in recent decades due to the expansion of salmon aquaculture providing alternative hosts in coastal ecosystems (Frazer et al 2012). Research on sea lice and juvenile salmon has focused on direct physiological effects of sea lice (e.g., Brauner et al 2012), but ecological effects including parasiteinduced changes to predation vulnerability may be important given the high levels of predation on juvenile salmon in the wild (Parker 1969, Groot andMargolis 1991). Krkošek et al (2011) found that infested pink and chum salmon fry (O. gorbuscha and O. keta) were more vulnerable to predators as they accepted higher risk when foraging, had deviant schooling behavior, and were less likely to evade a predator strike relative to uninfested conspecifics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parasitism and food web dynamics of juvenile Pacific salmon

et al. 2015

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Abstract. There is an increasing realization of the diverse mechanisms by which parasites and pathogens influence the dynamics of host populations and communities. In multi-host systems, parasites may mediate food web dynamics with unexpected outcomes for host populations. Models have been used to explore the potential consequences of interactions between hosts, parasites and predators, but connections between theory and data are rare. Here, we consider sea louse parasites (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), which directly increase mortality of juvenile salmon hosts (Oncorhynchus spp.). We use mathematical models and field-based experiments to investigate how the indirect effects of parasitism via predation influence mortality of sympatric juvenile chum salmon (O. keta) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha). Our experiments show that coho salmon predators (O. kisutch) selectively prey on pink salmon and on parasitized prey. Preference for pink salmon increased slightly when prey were parasitized by sea lice, although there was considerable uncertainty regarding this result. Despite this uncertainty, we show that even the small increase in preference that we observed may be biologically significant. We calculate a critical threshold of pink salmon abundance above which chum salmon may experience a parasitemediated release from predation as predation shifts towards preferred prey species. This work highlights the importance of considering community interactions, such as predation, when assessing the risk that emerging parasites and pathogens pose to wildlife populations.

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Physiological consequences of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha): implications for wild salmon ecology and management, and for salmon aquaculture

Cited by 32 publications

References 64 publications

Development of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and its effects on juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Development of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and its effects on juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Ecophysiology of avian migration in the face of current global hazards

Parasitism and food web dynamics of juvenile Pacific salmon

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