Physiological responses of plants to salinity: A review

Volkmar, K. M.; Hu, Yuegao; Steppuhn, H.

doi:10.4141/p97-020

Cited by 295 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…The present results showed that the extent of K + deficiency in more tolerant cultivars (desi type) was lower than that of less tolerant cultivars (kabuli type) (Table 2), which is in agreement with the report of Lutts et al (1996). Volkamer et al (1998) reported that when the salt concentration in the soil solution increases, the water energy gradient decreases, making it more difficult for water to move into the roots. Similar results were obtained from the present experiment, showing that seedling water content is generally decreased due to increasing salinity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Effects of Salinity on Initial Seedling Growth of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.)

Gholipoor

Ghasemi-Golezani

Khooie

et al. 2001

Acta Agronomica Hungarica

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In order to investigate the effects of salinity on the early seedling growth of chickpea, four chickpea cultivars, Jam, Hashem (kabuli type: large seeded genotypes with light salmon colour), Kaka and Pirooz (desi type: small seeded genotypes with different colours), were grown in pots containing soils with 0.9 (control), 2.6 and 4.9 dSm -1 salinity. The shoot/root ratio of Pirooz was consistently reduced by increasing salinity at all sampling stages. Under saline conditions, the reduction in seedling growth, shoot water content, root and shoot K + concentration and the increase in root and shoot Na + concentration were more severe in the kabuli type than in desi type cultivars. Considering path coefficients, increasing seedling K + concentration and uptake of water from the soil favoured salt-stressed seedling growth. Increasing K + content alleviated the deleterious effects of root Na + to a greater extent than that of shoot Na + . On the other hand, a higher percentage of the decrease in seedling growth as the result of Na + was due to shoot K + deficiency than to root K + deficiency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Internal excesses of particular ions such as Na + may also cause membrane damage and interfere with solute balance (Volkamer et al, 1998). Zhang and Lauchli (1994) reported that salinity impairs membrane K + /Na + selectivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Salinity on Initial Seedling Growth of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.)

Gholipoor

Ghasemi-Golezani

Khooie

et al. 2001

Acta Agronomica Hungarica

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“…Among the glycophytic species, intervarietal salt tolerance, expressed as growth performance upon salt stress, is well correlated to the K ϩ /Na ϩ ratio: the higher the leaf K ϩ / Na ϩ ratio, the greater the plant salt tolerance (Volkmar et al, 1998). It is worth noting that in the experimental conditions we explored, sas1 plants displayed a significantly lower K ϩ / Na ϩ ratio than did wild-type plants, but their relative growth reduction in response to salt stress was similar to that of wild-type plants.…”

Section: Sas1 Plants Display Increased Salt Sensitivity Compared Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

sas1, an Arabidopsis Mutant Overaccumulating Sodium in the Shoot, Shows Deficiency in the Control of the Root Radial Transport of Sodium

et al. 2001

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A recessive mutation of Arabidopsis designated sas1 (for sodium overaccumulation in shoot) that was mapped to the bottom of chromosome III resulted in a two-to sevenfold overaccumulation of Na ؉ in shoots compared with wild-type plants. sas1 is a pleiotropic mutation that also caused severe growth reduction. The impact of NaCl stress on growth was similar for sas1 and wild-type plants; however, with regard to survival, sas1 plants displayed increased sensitivity to NaCl and LiCl treatments compared with wild-type plants. sas1 mutants overaccumulated Na ؉ and its toxic structural analog Li ؉ , but not K ؉ , Mg 2 ؉ , or Ca 2 ؉ . Sodium accumulated preferentially over K ؉ in a similar manner for sas1 and wild-type plants. Sodium overaccumulation occurred in all of the aerial organs of intact sas1 plants but not in roots. Sodium-treated leaf fragments or calli displayed similar Na ؉ accumulation levels for sas1 and wild-type tissues. This suggested that the sas1 mutation impaired Na ؉ long-distance transport from roots to shoots. The transpiration stream was similar in sas1 and wild-type plants, whereas the Na ؉ concentration in the xylem sap of sas1 plants was 5.5-fold higher than that of wild-type plants. These results suggest that the sas1 mutation disrupts control of the radial transport of Na ؉ from the soil solution to the xylem vessels. INTRODUCTIONAmong abiotic stresses, salinity is one of the major causes of yield losses of crop plants (Boyer, 1982). Salt stress is a polymorphous stress that reduces yield through three direct effects: osmotic stress, nutritional stress, and ion toxicity. It is widely thought that breeding for salt tolerance will involve developing a pyramiding strategy for selecting favorable combinations of traits, each of which would improve one of the physiological adaptations to salt stress (Yeo and Flowers, 1986). However, it is not clear which traits are appropriate for use in breeding programs to improve salt tolerance. Many physiological and molecular responses to salinity have been described (Greenway and Munns, 1980;Munns, 1993;Yeo, 1998), but their effects on the improvement of salt tolerance have seldom been demonstrated. This observation made clear the necessity of developing genetic approaches to establish which responses are physiologically relevant to salt tolerance (Epstein et al., 1980).The contributions of different physiological responses to salt tolerance were analyzed recently in genetic studies with a number of different variants (mutants or transgenic plants). The advantages of using mutants are that no prior knowledge of the molecular bases of the mechanism of interest is necessary and that mutants can reveal mechanisms previously unknown to be involved in salt tolerance. The identification and characterization of salt-tolerant and salt-hypersensitive mutants have drawn attention to several matters: (1) the control of Cl Ϫ transport from root to shoot (Abel, 1969); (2) the overaccumulation of proline (Kueh and Bright, 1982); (3) the overaccumulation of Na ϩ and K ϩ ...

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“…In this regard, Fortmeier and Schubert (1995) reported the relationship between high sodium in older leaves of maize and the death of respective leaves. Sodium accumulation in leaves, particularly in the leaf apoplast, may be responsible for sodium toxicity in leaves (Volkmar et al 1998). …”

Section: Mineral Uptake and Assimilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review

Farooq

Hussain

Wakeel

et al. 2015

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

588

383

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Maize is grown under a wide spectrum of soil and climatic conditions. Maize is moderately sensitive to salt stress; therefore, soil salinity is a serious threat to its production worldwide. Understanding maize response to salt stress and resistance mechanisms and overviewing management options may help to devise strategies for improved maize performance in saline environments. Here, we reviewed the effects, resistance mechanisms, and management of salt stress in maize. Our main conclusions are as follows: (1) germination and stand establishment are more sensitive to salt stress than later developmental stages. (2) High rhizosphere sodium and chloride decrease plant uptake of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. (3) Reduced grain weight and number are responsible for low grain yield in maize under salt stress. Sink limitations and reduced acid invertase activity in developing grains is responsible for poor kernel setting under salt stress. (4) Exclusion of excessive sodium or its compartmentation into vacuoles is an important adaptive strategy for maize under salt stress. (5) Apoplastic acidification, required for cell wall extensibility, is an important indicator of salt resistance, but not essential for better maize growth under salt stress. (6) Upregulation of antioxidant defense genes and β-expansin proteins is important for salt resistance in maize. (7) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve salt resistance in maize due to better plant nutrient availability. (8) Seed priming is an effective approach for improving maize germination under salt stress. (9) Integration of screening, breeding and ion homeostasis mechanisms into a functional paradigm for the whole plant may help to enhance salt resistance in maize.

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Physiological responses of plants to salinity: A review

Cited by 295 publications

References 96 publications

Effects of Salinity on Initial Seedling Growth of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.)

Effects of Salinity on Initial Seedling Growth of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.)

sas1, an Arabidopsis Mutant Overaccumulating Sodium in the Shoot, Shows Deficiency in the Control of the Root Radial Transport of Sodium

Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review

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