Physiology and ecology of bacteriophages of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens: salinity

Zachary, Arthur

doi:10.1128/aem.31.3.415-422.1976

Cited by 38 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The latent periods of phages nt-1 and nt-6, which were isolated from a salt marsh, are 50 and 60 min, respectively, under optimal conditions (32). However, the latent periods increased to 170 and 120 min, respectively, when the temperate was 10°C below the optimal temperature (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Marine Temperate Phage-Host Systems Isolated from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii

Jiang

Kellogg

Paul

1998

Appl Environ Microbiol

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To understand the ecological and genetic role of viruses in the marine environment, it is critical to know the infectivity of viruses and the types of interactions that occur between marine viruses and their hosts. We isolated four marine phages from turbid plaques by using four indigenous bacterial hosts obtained from concentrated water samples from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Two of the rod-shaped bacterial hosts were identified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis andFlavobacterium sp. All of the phage isolates were tailed phages and contained double-stranded DNA. Two of the phage isolates had morphologies typical of the family Siphoviridae, while the other two belonged to the families Myoviridae andPodoviridae. The head diameters of these viruses ranged from 47 to 70.7 nm, and the tail lengths ranged from 12 to 146 nm. The burst sizes ranged from 7.8 to 240 phage/bacterial cell, and the genome sizes, as determined by restriction digestion, ranged from 36 to 112 kb. The members of the Siphoviridae, T-φHSIC, and T-φD0, and the member of the Myoviridae, T-φD1B, were found to form lysogenic associations with their bacterial hosts, which were isolated from the same water samples. Hybridization of phage T-φHSIC probe with lysogenic host genomic DNA was observed in dot blot hybridization experiments, indicating that prophage T-φHSIC was integrated within the host genome. These phage-host systems are available for use in studies of marine lysogeny and transduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Marine Temperate Phage-Host Systems Isolated from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii

Jiang

Kellogg

Paul

1998

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Two phages (nt‐1 and nt‐6) of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens ( Vibrio natriegens ) were examined to determine the effect of ionic strength on their stability and replication. They were more resistant to low NaCl levels than their host bacterium, which appeared to confine their growth to marine waters because of the optimal higher salinity of B. natriegens survival (Zachary 1976). Moebus (1987) summarized the effects of ionic strength of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Na + on adsorption on host cells, burst size, latent period and the survival of phages in seawater.…”

Section: Studies On Soil Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of viruses in soils: Past, present and future perspectives

Kimura

Jia

Nakayama

et al. 2008

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

229

177

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Viruses play important roles in biogeochemical nutrient cycles and act as genomic reservoirs in marine and freshwater environments, the understanding of which brought about the so-called 'third age' of virus ecology in aquatic environments. Unfortunately, the third age is in oceanography and limnology and outside the soil world. The main reason why virus ecology in soils has shown less progress is that agronomical and epidemiological interests were the primary motivation of viral studies by soil microbiologists. In this review, past research on viruses in soils is summarized after the introduction of the ecological traits of viruses, which are the effects of viruses on beneficial bacteria and soil-borne plant pathogens, adsorption of viruses to soils, and soil factors affecting viral inactivation and survival in soils. Horizontal gene transfer (transduction) in soils is also reviewed. Second, the abundance of viruses and their roles in biogeochemical nutrient cycles are summarized in aquatic environments. Five to 25% of the carbon fixed by primary producers is estimated to enter into the microbial loop via virus-induced lysis at different trophic levels in aquatic environments. The diversity of virus communities in aquatic environments estimated from analyses of the frequency distribution of capsid sizes and the morphology of virus populations are reviewed, and recent findings on the genomic diversity of viruses and their roles as the greatest genomic reservoirs in aquatic environments follow in the subsequent section. Viral genomics is elucidating the viral diversity and phylogenetic relationships among viruses in different environments. As the soil environment is a more diverse habitat for viruses than aquatic environments, viruses in soils have great potential to play roles comparable in quantity, which are unique in quality, to those in aquatic environments. Therefore, the potentiality and characteristics of viruses in soils are discussed in the final section for future research on virus ecology in soils from the viewpoints of biogeochemistry and genomic diversity. Synecological approaches to viruses in soils may open up a new era of soil virus ecology.

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“…In these studies, experimental treatments have concentrated on chemical or biological virus-inactivating agents. Possible chemical inactivating agents examined have been salinity (21,23,49), sewage pollution (2,44), filtrates of bacterial cultures (40), and the presence of proteins and amino acids (22). Studies on biological inactivating agents have focused on the presence of specific bacteria or the natural bacterial community (6,24,26,32,39) or lysates of bacterial cultures (23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of sunlight on bacteriophage viability and structure

Wommack

Hill

Müller

et al. 1996

Appl Environ Microbiol

140

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Current estimates of viral abundance in natural waters rely on direct counts of virus-like particles (VLPs), using either transmission or epifluorescence microscopy. Direct counts of VLPs, while useful in studies of viral ecology, do not indicate whether the observed VLPs are capable of infection and/or replication. Rapid decay in bacteriophage viability under environmental conditions has been observed. However, it has not been firmly established whether there is a corresponding degradation of the virus particles. To address this question, viable and direct counts were carried out employing two Chesapeake Bay bacteriophages in experimental microcosms incubated for 56 h at two depths in the York River estuary. Viruses incubated in situ in microcosms at the surface yielded decay rates in full sunlight of 0.11 and 0.06 h ؊1 for CB 38⌽ and CB 7⌽, respectively. The number of infective particles in microcosms in the dark and at a depth of 1 m was not significantly different from laboratory controls, with decay rates averaging 0.052 h ؊1 for CB 38⌽ and 0.037 h ؊1 for CB 7⌽. Direct counts of bacteriophages decreased in the estuarine microcosms, albeit only at a rate of 0.028 h ؊1 , and were independent of treatment. Destruction of virus particles is concluded to be a process separate from loss of infectivity. It is also concluded that strong sunlight affects the viability of bacteriophages in surface waters, with the result that direct counts of VLPs overestimate the number of bacteriophage capable of both infection and replication. However, in deeper waters, where solar radiation is not a significant factor, direct counts should more accurately estimate numbers of viable bacteriophage.

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Physiology and ecology of bacteriophages of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens: salinity

Cited by 38 publications

References 38 publications

Characterization of Marine Temperate Phage-Host Systems Isolated from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii

Characterization of Marine Temperate Phage-Host Systems Isolated from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii

Ecology of viruses in soils: Past, present and future perspectives

Effects of sunlight on bacteriophage viability and structure

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