Physiology of fruit cracking in wax apple (Syzygium samarangense)

Lu, Pei-Luen; Lin, Chin-Ho

doi:10.3126/botor.v8i0.5954

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Previous studies on sweet cherry, wax apple, litchi, grapes, and other fruits have confirmed that the soluble sugar content is higher and osmotic potential is lower in cracking fruits than those without cracking [20, 32–34], which indicates that water, soluble sugar, and osmotic potential are closely related to fruit cracking. Lu and Lin [20] reported that the TSS content and total titratable acid levels were both 20% higher in cracked fruits than in non-cracked fruits of wax apple. Furthermore, when its turgor pressure was 60% higher, an increase in TSS content and total titratable acid levels during fruit maturation was observed, which in turn leads to a decrease in tissue osmotic potential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…EXP2 , EXP3 , and PE were more closely related to fruit cracking, whereas XET1 , XET2 , and XET3 might be related to fruit softening and are unlikely key genes of fruit cracking [22]. Lu and Lin [20] reported a 131% increase in PG activity in cracked fruits compared to non-cracked wax apple fruits. In the present research, transcriptome sequencing analysis found that except for 12 PG and 11 PE , another pectin degradation-related gene, 6 PEL , was enriched, suggesting that pectin decomposition is also an important polysaccharide metabolism process in atemoya fruit cracking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome analysis of atemoya pericarp elucidates the role of polysaccharide metabolism in fruit ripening and cracking after harvest

Chen

Duan

et al. 2019

BMC Plant Biol

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Background Mature fruit cracking during the normal season in African Pride (AP) atemoya is a major problem in postharvest storage. Our current understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying fruit cracking is limited. The aim of this study was to unravel the role starch degradation and cell wall polysaccharide metabolism in fruit ripening and cracking after harvest through transcriptome analysis. Results Transcriptome analysis of AP atemoya pericarp from cracking fruits of ethylene treatments and controls was performed. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway was significantly enriched, and approximately 39 DEGs could be functionally annotated, which included starch, cellulose, pectin, and other sugar metabolism-related genes. Starch, protopectin, and soluble pectin contents among the different cracking stages after ethylene treatment and the controls were monitored. The results revealed that ethylene accelerated starch degradation, inhibited protopectin synthesis, and enhanced the soluble pectin content, compared to the control, which coincides with the phenotype of ethylene-induced fruit cracking. Key genes implicated in the starch, pectin, and cellulose degradation were further investigated using RT-qPCR analysis. The results revealed that alpha-amylase 1 ( AMY1 ), alpha-amylase 3 ( AMY3 ), beta-amylase 1 ( BAM1 ), beta-amylase 3 ( BAM3 ), beta-amylase 9 ( BAM9) , pullulanase ( PUL) , and glycogen debranching enzyme ( glgX ), were the major genes involved in starch degradation. AMY1 , BAM3 , BAM9 , PUL , and glgX all were upregulated and had higher expression levels with ethylene treatment compared to the controls, suggesting that ethylene treatment may be responsible for accelerating starch degradation. The expression profile of alpha-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase ( GAUT ) and granule-bound starch synthase ( GBSS ) coincided with protopectin content changes and could involve protopectin synthesis. Pectinesterase ( PE ), polygalacturonase ( PG ), and pectate lyase ( PEL ) all involved in pectin degradation; PE was significantly upregulated by ethylene and was the key enzyme implicated pectin degradation. Conclusion Both KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs and material content analysis confirmed that starch decomposition into soluble sugars and cell wall polysaccharides metabolism are closely related to the ripening and cracking of AP atemoya. A link between gene up- or downregulation during different cracking st...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis of atemoya pericarp elucidates the role of polysaccharide metabolism in fruit ripening and cracking after harvest

Chen

Duan

et al. 2019

BMC Plant Biol

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“…The main problem in the production of this crop is cracking which reduces its market value. Lu and Lin (2011) reported that the contents of total soluble sugars and total titratable acid were both 20 % higher in cracked fruits than in non-cracked fruits of wax apple, and the osmotic potential was 40 % lower; water potential was similar; turgor pressure was 60 % higher, and specific activity of polygalacturonase was 131 % higher. The increase in total soluble sugars and total titratable acid during fruit maturation leads to decreased tissue osmotic potential.…”

Section: Wax Applementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The increase in polygalacturonase activity weakens the cell walls. Those combined factors result in fruit cracking (Lu and Lin 2011).…”

Section: Wax Applementioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and genetic factors influencing fruit cracking

2014

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One of the main disorders that widely limit fruit quality and quantity is fruit cracking or splitting that is observed on the fruit skin and flesh in the preharvest phase. Besides, cracking can occur during postharvest in some fruits, mostly attributable to the environmental conditions of storage. Value of cracked fruits is reduced and these fruits are not marketable because of the poor fruit quality. Many fruits such as apple, sweet cherry, grape, plum, pomegranate, grape, persimmon, litchi, avocado, pistachio, citrus, banana as well as tomato can crack or split. There are many factors that influence fruit cracking. In this work, genetic, morphological, environmental and physiological aspects of fruit cracking are reviewed. Under the same environmental conditions, fruits from different cultivars show differences in cracking susceptibility. Some correlations have been observed between susceptibility of fruit cracking and some fruit traits (fruit shape, fruit size, fruit firmness; anatomy and strength of the fruit skin, stomata in fruit skin, cuticular properties, osmotic concentration, water capacity of the fruit pulp and growth stage of the fruit). Also, orchard management (such as irrigation and nutrition) and environmental condition (such as temperature, wind and light) can influence fruit cracking. Besides, fruit cracking is quantitative trait and is controlled by several genes. The best way to reduce fruit cracking at present would be a suitable orchard management that takes into account and try to minimize stress of the water, nutrition and physiological factors that contribute to fruit cracking. Also, the most resistant cultivars to fruit cracking that have desirable fruit quality can be selected for cultivation.

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“…The soil moisture seemed to be a major contributing factor in fruit cracking as its incidence was lowered with enhanced moisture supply. As a result of sudden increase in water content of soil and atmospheric humidity after long dry spell, the tissues of fruit skin did not cope with the rapid increase of the fruit internal tissues (Chandra, 1988), resulting in the bursting of the skin (Lu and Lin, 2011) because of internal turgor pressure of the fruit (Measham et al, 2010). The use of black polythene mulch also attributed to minimize the extent of fruit cracking in lemon.…”

Section: Experiments I: Effect Of Irrigation and Mulching On Fruit Cramentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality improvement in lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) through integrated management of fruit cracking

Savreet¹,

Hu²,

Bal³

2013

Afr. J. Agric. Res.

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The studies on management of fruit cracking were carried out for three consecutive years (2006 to 2008) using integrated approach. The plant material was selected from "Punjab Government Progeny Orchard and Nursery, Attari, Amritsar". The investigation comprised three sets of experiments during the fruiting years 2006 and 2007. The first experiment comprised irrigation and mulching practices; the second consisted of graded doses of farmyard manure (FYM), inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer and in the third experiment foliar spray of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), K 2 SO 4 and Borax were applied. The statistically best treatments accrued from three different experiments during 2007 and 2008 were combined and tested in 2008. It was revealed that the optimum utilization of different orchard cultural practices viz. proper water management, appropriate fertilizer programme and good preventive spray schedule brought profound changes in fruit cracking intensity. Hence, the consortium of intelligent management practices such as irrigation at 20% available soil moisture depletion (ASMD), mulching with black polythene, application of FYM (75 kg/tree), inorganic fertilizer (Nitrogen 350 g/tree), azotobacter (18 g/tree) and foliar spray of NAA at 40 ppm in lemon cv. Baramasi substantially reduced the cracking losses by 94.5% and resulted in impressive impact on fruit quality.

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Physiology of fruit cracking in wax apple (Syzygium samarangense)

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

Transcriptome analysis of atemoya pericarp elucidates the role of polysaccharide metabolism in fruit ripening and cracking after harvest

Transcriptome analysis of atemoya pericarp elucidates the role of polysaccharide metabolism in fruit ripening and cracking after harvest

Physiological and genetic factors influencing fruit cracking

Quality improvement in lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) through integrated management of fruit cracking

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