Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthetic Management of Patients with Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Disease

Adams, Jennifer; Figueiredo, Juliana Peboni; Graves, Thomas K.

doi:10.1002/9781119421375.ch31

Cited by 13 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 285 publications

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“…Magnesium sulphate acts by inhibiting the release of catecholamine from the adrenal medulla, reducing the sensitivity of α-adrenergic receptors to catecholamines and is a direct vasodilator. 38 Sodium nitroprusside is a direct vasodilator, which then alters calcium channels within the endothelium leading to vasodilation. 39 If α blockade has been established but the dog is still tachycardic, then a β blocking agent may also be required to reduce the heart rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term outcome of adrenalectomy in dogs with adrenal gland tumours that did not receive pre‐operative medical management

et al. 2020

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Objective Review medical records of dogs that underwent adrenalectomy without pre‐operative medical management, to examine the peri‐operative morbidity and mortality. Design Case series of 65 dogs. Methods Medical records were reviewed. Features recorded included the histologic diagnosis, intra‐operative hypertension or tachycardia, requirement for cavotomy, administration of intra‐ and post‐operative corticosteroids, performance of additional surgery and the occurrence of peri‐operative complications. Dogs requiring emergency surgery were excluded. Results Of the 65 dogs, 49 had adrenocortical tumours (11 bilateral), 13 had pheochromocytomas (one bilateral) and three dogs had tumours in both adrenal glands of a different tumour type. Five dogs had caudal vena cava invasion and 33 had additional procedures performed at the same time. Mortality occurred in 1/65 dogs (1.5%; 95% CI 0.03%–8.2%), major complications were identified in 1/65 dogs (1.5%; 95% CI 0.03%–8.2%) and minor complications occurred in 10/53 dogs (15%; 95% CI 8.6%–26%). Conclusion Based on the limited peri‐operative complications and low mortality in this pre‐operatively untreated cohort, and based on critique of the available literature, the added value afforded by pre‐operative treatment is questioned. With appropriate management, adrenal tumours can be removed with few peri‐operative complications and low mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term outcome of adrenalectomy in dogs with adrenal gland tumours that did not receive pre‐operative medical management

et al. 2020

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“…Hypertension is generally paroxysmal but can be sustained in some cases. 10 All three horses displayed unpredictable trends in HR and BP. Case 1 was extremely and persistently tachycardic despite aggressive fluid therapy and only mild hypotension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…These include sodium nitroprusside, phentolamine and magnesium sulphate. 10 Perioperative tachyarrhythmias can be managed with lidocaine or β1 antagonists such as esmolol. 17 It is important to fully assess the hydration status and correct any deficits before surgery as the chronic sympathetic stimulation and vasoconstriction displayed with pheochromocytomas can cause intravascular volume depletion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical features, anaesthetic management and perioperative complications seen in three horses with pheochromocytoma

Norgate

Foster

Dunkel

et al. 2019

Vet Record Case Reports

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Three horses presenting with colic signs to the Equine Referral Hospital at The Royal Veterinary College underwent general anaesthesia between September 2013 and November 2017 for emergency exploratory laparotomy. No obvious cause for the colic signs was identified in two horses, while a haemoperitoneum was identified in the third. All horses were euthanased within 12 hours of surgery due to deteriorating haemodynamic instability and/or intractable pain. Postmortem examination revealed an adrenal mass in each case, confirmed to be a pheochromocytoma on histopathology. In retrospect, each horse had some hallmark characteristics consistent with a functional pheochromocytoma, including hyperglycaemia and hyperlactataemia. Extremely high packed cell volume (PCV) (>65 per cent) was also identified in two horses, with a high-normal PCV found in the haemoperitoneum case. Perioperative haemodynamic instability was predominantly characterised by episodes of intermittent hypertension and tachycardia.

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“…14,24 SpO 2 values were lower than 95% in most animals in all treat- 24 Bakker and colleagues 5 reported that two marmosets showed vomiting and excessive salivation during recovery when the combination of ketamine and medetomidine, but not alfaxalone, was used. Medetomidine and opioids are associated with a high incidence of vomiting in dogs and cats, 27 while ketamine is associated with vomiting in children. 28 It is possible that medetomidine and opioids, as well as ketamine, could cause nausea and vomiting in marmosets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects after intramuscular administration of alfaxalone alone, alfaxalone‐ketamine and alfaxalone‐butorphanol‐medetomidine in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Miyabe‐Nishiwaki

Miwa

Konoike

et al. 2020

J of Medical Primatology

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Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are increasingly used in biomedical research, 1 particularly since the successful generation of transgenic marmosets. 2 While they are often anaesthetised for various procedures, published information on marmoset anaesthesia and analgesia is limited. 3-7 Inhalation anaesthetics are preferred for both shorter and longer procedures. However, there are some occasions when inhalation anaesthetics are not feasible, for example anaesthesia in the field, in the enclosure or in the home cage. Injectable anaesthetics may be considered as alternatives and even preferred under such conditions. Alfaxalone is a neuroactive steroid, activating gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors resulting in anaesthetic effects. 8

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Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Anesthetic Management of Patients with Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Disease

Cited by 13 publications

References 285 publications

Short‐term outcome of adrenalectomy in dogs with adrenal gland tumours that did not receive pre‐operative medical management

Short‐term outcome of adrenalectomy in dogs with adrenal gland tumours that did not receive pre‐operative medical management

Clinical features, anaesthetic management and perioperative complications seen in three horses with pheochromocytoma

Evaluation of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects after intramuscular administration of alfaxalone alone, alfaxalone‐ketamine and alfaxalone‐butorphanol‐medetomidine in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

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