Physiopathology and effectiveness of therapeutic vaccines against human papillomavirus

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-known sexually transmitted disorder globally. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the 3rd most common cancer that causes cervical carcinoma, and globally it accounts for 275,000 deaths every year. The load of HPVassociated abrasions can be lessened through vaccination. At present, three forms of prophylactic vaccines, Cervarix, Gadrasil, and Gardasil 9, are commercially accessible but all these prophylactic vaccines have not the ability to manage and control developed abrasions or infections. Therefore, a considerable amount of the population is not secured from HPV infectivity. Consequently, the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines is a crucial requirement of this era, for the treatment of persisting infections, and to stop the progression of HPV-associated cancers. Therapeutic vaccines are a developing trial approach. Because of the constitutive expression of E6 and E7 early genes in cancerous and pre-cancerous tissues, and their involvement in disturbance of the cell cycle, these are best targets for this therapeutic vaccine treatment. For the synthesis and development of therapeutic vaccines, various approaches have been examined comprising cell-based vaccines, peptide/protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and live-vector vaccines all proceeding towards clinical trials. This review emphasizes the development, progress, current status, and future perspective of several vaccines for the cure of HPV-related abrasions and cancers. This review also provides an insight to assess the effectiveness, safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of therapeutic vaccines in the cure of patients infected with HPV-associated cervical cancer.

HPV and the Risk of HIV Acquisition in Women

“…In this mini-review, we will discuss how HPV pathology and the underlying immune responses against infection alter the mucosal landscape that can favor acquisition of other STIs such as HIV. The ability of HPV to establish a chronic infection within the genital mucosal epithelium has implications on HIV acquisition risk and prevention strategies, and remains an area of active research, in particular with novel therapeutic vaccines reaching trial stages in 2021 ( Ayesha et al., 2021 ).…”

Governing HPV-related carcinoma using vaccines: Bottlenecks and breakthroughs

“…Subsequently, patients who received LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision) displayed a 70% decrease in abrasion to CIN 2. All the patients showed positive outcomes without any adverse side effects of HPV E7 cell-mediated immunity in disease eradication ( 79 , 120 ). Thus, based on the aforementioned study, it could be inferred that the application of live vectors for vaccine development may provide a new path in the era of the HPV vaccine, even though further clinical studies need to be done ( Table 2 ).…”

“…The DNA vaccine pNGVL4aCRT-E7 is used in several clinical trials for the treatment of women with CIN 2–3 and is being used for the non-randomized open-label trial analysis ( 120 , 123 ). In a phase I clinical study, 32 HPV16-associated CIN 2/3 patients were vaccinated intramuscularly, intradermally, or directly into the cervical abrasion with pNGVL4a-CRTE7 (detox), and a calreticulin-related plasmid DNA vaccine showed an immunogenic effect in 69% of patients with less severity at the local administrated tissue/organ ( 99 ).…”

An Update on Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines: History, Types, Protection, and Efficacy

“…Clinical trials of HPV therapeutic vaccines show that they are safe and efficient in treating cervical cancer while also having limitations. A bacterial vector vaccine, ADXS11-001, and a DNA vaccine, VGX3100, are both in phase III clinical trials, indicating that they have promising potential ( 45 ). pNGVL4aCRT/E7 (NCT01493154) ( 46 ), VGX-3100 (NCT01304524) ( 47 ), and GX-188E (NCT02139267) ( 48 ) are based on E6/E7 gene vaccination against HPV and used electroporation as a delivery technique.…”