Phytase in non‐ruminant animal nutrition: a critical review on phytase activities in the gastrointestinal tract and influencing factors

Abstract

This review focuses on phytase functionality in the digestive tract of farmed non-ruminant animals and the factors influencing in vivo phytase enzyme activity. In pigs, feed phytase is mainly active in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine, and added phytase activity is not recovered in the ileum. In poultry, feed phytase activities are mainly found in the upper part of the digestive tract, including the crop, proventriculus and gizzard. For fish with a stomach, phytase activities are mainly in the stomach. Many factors can influence the efficiency of feed phytase in the gastrointestinal tract, and they can be divided into three main groups: (i) phytase related; (ii) dietary related and (iii) animal related. Phytase-related factors include type of phytase (e.g. 3- or 6-phytase; bacterial or fungal phytase origin), the pH optimum and the resistance of phytase to endogenous protease. Dietary-related factors are mainly associated with dietary phytate content, feed ingredient composition and feed processing, and total P, Ca and Na content. Animal-related factors include species, gender and age of animals. To eliminate the antinutritional effects of phytate (IP6), it needs to be hydrolyzed as quickly as possible by phytase in the upper part of the digestive tract. A phytase that works over a wide range of pH values and is active in the stomach and upper intestine (along with several other characteristics and in addition to being refractory to endogenous enzymes) would be ideal. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Microbial Phytases and Phytate: Exploring Opportunities for Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agriculture

“…Such precipitates are difficult to solubilize due to phytate's chelating activity and the formation of inaccessible complexes with metal cations, amino acids, peptides and various mineral soil components [13]. The phytate-peptide complexes are at least partially resistant to proteolytic degradation in gastrointestinal tract of non-ruminant animals [14], which prevents extraction of these valuable nutritional factors from plant seeds. Hence, phytate is often considered an anti-nutritional factor for animals.…”

Sesame meal as the first protein source in piglet starter diets and advantages of a phytase: a digestive study

“…This mechanism could explain the STA levels in diets with and without the phytase enzyme, because several reports showed that phytase increases protein and AA ileal digestibility (Selle & Ravindran, 2008;Gilani et al, 2012;Selle et al, 2012;Dersjant-Li et al, 2015). Additionally, this could increase the hydrolysis of the endogenous CCK-releasing peptide factors by diminishing their stimuli on the pancreas, even if this has not been reflected in AA ileal digestibility.…”

“…Consequently, a better enzyme : substrate ratio could be attained in the SBM diet compared with the SM diet, which allowed the enzyme to release a higher amount of P. Another possible explanation is that phytase activity varies between SM and SBM because of differences in the composition, level, and location of phytate (Dersjant-Li et al, 2015). SM contains more fibre than SBM, and its phytic acid could be closely linked to fibre (Selle & Ravindran, 2008), which could hinder phytase efficiency.…”

POTENSI DARI KAPANG Aspergilus niger, Rhizophus oryzae DAN Neurospora sitophila SEBAGAI PENGHASIL EZIM FITASE DAN AMILASE PADA SUBSTRATE AMPAS TAHU

“…Masalah utama yang dialami oleh peternak ayam adalah biaya produksi yang sangat tinggi yang disebabkan oleh mahalnya harga pakan (Kumar et al, 2012). Biaya produksi yang cukup tinggi ini menjadi makin mahal disebabkan oleh sebagian besar pakan yang diberikan kepada ternak belum efisien dicerna oleh ternak ayam (Dersjant-Li et al, 2015). Hal ini disebabkan oleh bahan utama pakan sebagian besar berupa biji-bijian yang mengandung fitat.…”