Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Fresh Fruits and Some Traditional Products of Wild Grown Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Abstract

The current study investigated and compared phytochemical and antioxidant activity of fresh fruit and some traditional products of Rubus idaeus grown in mountain region of Serbia. The total organic acid, total sugar content, total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins and vitamin C were evaluated. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using two antioxidant systems 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The fresh fruit contained highest amount of vitamin C (46.62 mg AA g-1) and total organic acids (882.22 mg CA g-1). The sweet preserve had highest content of total phenolics (200.83 mg GA g-1), flavonoids (12.85 mg RU g-1) and tannins (39.11 mg g-1). The juice had the highest total anthocyanin content (107.22 µg mL-1) and total sugar content (25 °Brix). The best antioxidant activity in ABTS assay had juice (IC50 = 4.87 µmol TE g-1), followed by sweet preserve (IC50 = 5.14 µmol TE g-1), almost identical to standard gallic acid. In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, sweet fruit preserve showed significant better antioxidant activity (IC50 = 41.27 µg mL-1) compared to juice (IC50 = 106.07 µg mL-1) and fresh fruit (IC50 = 294.79 µg mL-1). Our results indicated promising perspectives for usage of R. idaeus fresh fruits and traditional products studied with considerable levels of vitamin C, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity.
 
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 In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue.
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Antioxidant Potential, Phenolic Content, and Nitrate/Nitrite Content in Various Lettuce Varieties

“…Regarding the relationship between antioxidant activity and TPC, this study's findings align with those of previous research (Li et al, 2009;Yosefi et al, 2010;Deng et al, 2013;Rumainum et al, 2018;Veljković et al, 2019), highlighting TPC as a major factor contributing to the antioxidant properties of vegetables. Specifically, lettuce varieties harvested at 45 DAT exhibited higher TPC and antioxidant activity than those harvested at 40 and 50 DAT.…”

“…The Folin determined total phenolic content (TPC)-Ciocalteu colorimetric method using Gallic acid as the standard measured (Yingngam et al, 2014), which is the most widely used to determine TPC in plant extracts (Blainski et al, 2013;Veljković et al, 2019). A 200 μl of the ethanolic extract from lettuce was mixed with 200 μl of 10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2.5 ml of distilled water (DW), and 2.0 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) and 70% ethanol as a control.…”

“…Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties are diverse in size, shape, color, texture, and flavor, and those cultivated worldwide are categorized into Crisphead, bioactivities that protect cells against the oxidative damage caused by free radicals (Yosefi et al, 2010;Veljković et al, 2019;Adegbaju et al, 2020). Phenolic compounds have anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties (Flávia et al, 2015).…”

“…Nitrate does not directly affect human health but has a potentially hazardous risk when reduced to the nitrite form, resulting in carcinogenic N-nitrosamine production. Daily vegetable intake can have up to 90% nitrates, 5-20% of which are reduced to nitrite with the action of anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract (Reinik et al, 2008;Hmelak Gorenjak & Cencič, 2013;Veljković et al, 2019). However, vegetables contain protective substances against the damaging effects of nitrite, such as ascorbate, vitamin E, and phenolic compounds (Lidder & Webb, 2013).…”

Chemical Profile and Bioactivity of Rubus idaeus L. Fruits Grown in Conventional and Aeroponic Systems

“…DPPH radical scavenging potential was found for R. idaeus grown wildly in Serbia, with an IC 50 value of 294.79 μg/mL [ 46 ].…”