Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Nigerian Kalanchoe Pinnata (Lam.) Stem-Bark

Abstract

Kalanchoe pinnata also known as Bryophyllum pinnatum and commonly referred to as Life or Miracle plant is used in traditional medicine in some parts of Nigeria. The stem-bark of the plant was extracted with 70% ethanol and the crude extract evaluated for its phytochemical constituents as well as pharmacological activities. The phytochemical profile showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, steroids/terpenes and tannins while the quantitative analysis gave the phenolics content to be 5.538 ± 0.005 mg gallic acid equivalent, flavonoid content as 0.242 ± 0.001 mg quercetin equivalent and tannin content as 0.019 ± 0.001 mg tannic acid equivalent per gram of extract. The scavenging activity on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical showed that the plant exhibited higher antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 40.56 and 37.28 µg/ml for ascorbic acid and the extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity results showed that the extract inhibited the growth of micro-organisms such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Aspergillus niger; while the extract was inactive against Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. These results give scientific evidence for the use of the plant in folk medicine.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activities and Correlation with Phytoconstituents in Some Medicinal Plants of Nepal

“…Te favonoids, namely, baicalin, baicalein, and chrysin were isolated from O. indicum [43]. As reported in previous studies, K. pinnata showed TPC of 5.538 ± 0.005 mg GAE/g, TFC of 0.242 ± 0.001 mg QE/g, and TTC of 0.019 ± 0.001 mg TAE/g from ethanol extract, and antioxidant activity was reported as 37.28 µg/mL from bark-stem extracts [44]. In our study, E. acuminata (IC 50 � 24.83 µg/mL) and C. serratum (IC 50 � 32.29 µg/mL) showed strong radical scavenging activity.…”

A Review of the Popular Uses, Anatomical, Chemical, and Biological Aspects of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): A Genus of Plants Known as “Miracle Leaf”

“…The EE from its stem/bark was evaluated by DPPH and exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC 50 37.28 µg/mL). In comparison with other extracts (AE and PEE) obtained from the leaves, the EE showed the greatest radical inhibitory effect by DPPH, reaching a maximum inhibitory effect of 49.5 ± 5.6% (2000 µg/mL) [ 106 , 156 ]. The antioxidant property of ME from leaves showed 69.77% of free radical inhibition (100 µg/mL) of DPPH [ 62 ].…”

“…An in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous) produced from K. pinnata roots was performed against E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , and C. albicans [ 78 ], and the ME presented as an effective antibacterial, while none of the extracts showed activity against C. albicans . The EE of stem bark was tested against antimicrobial activity [ 156 ]; it inhibited the growth of microorganisms such as B. cereus , E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , K. pneumoniae , and A. niger , while the extract was inactive against S. typhi and C. albicans .…”

Exploring the Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Profiles of Aqueous Extracts of Kalanchoe

“…A methanolic extract obtained through maceration (100 μg/mL) demonstrated a 69.77 % inhibition of the DPPH⋅ radical [26] . Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of K. pinnata‘s stem was assessed using the DPPH⋅ assay and showed high antioxidant activity (IC 50 : 37.28 μg/mL) [35] . Compared to other leaf extracts (aqueous and petroleum ether), it exhibited the highest inhibitory effect, at 49.5±5.6 % inhibition at 2000 μg/mL [36]…”

“…[26] Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of K. pinnata's stem was assessed using the DPPH * assay and showed high antioxidant activity (IC 50 : 37.28 μg/mL). [35] Compared to other leaf extracts (aqueous and petroleum ether), it exhibited the highest inhibitory effect, at 49.5 � 5.6 % inhibition at 2000 μg/mL. [36] Moreover, a singular study in the literature conducted the ORAC assay on a hydroethanolic extract of K. pinnata, yielding a value of 4.31 mmolTE/g, [38] which is close to the values obtained in the current study for K. pinnata (4.712 mmolTE/g), as well as for K. crenata (4.393 mmolTE/g).…”