Phytochemical composition and essential mineral profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of unutilized parts of jackfruit

Abstract

The processing of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) yields a considerable amount of bio-waste. Accumulation of this waste is considered a health risk because it is a potential source of air and water pollution. Recycling of the unutilized fruit parts, therefore, reduces the quantity and the impact of the bio-waste released to the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts from three fruit parts (peel, fiber and the core) of jackfruit sampled from the coastal region of Kenya. Different extraction techniques and solvents were tested. The highest phenolic and flavonoid content of the peels, fiber and the core were obtained from methanol extracts following a 48-hour incubation. The values were recorded at 17.07±5.16 mg/g, 23.28±4.73 mg/g, and 15.68±3.74 mg/g for the phenolics and 28.55±12.42 mg/g, 35.4±9.53 mg/g and 36.23±2.54 mg/g for the flavonoids, respectively. The highest tannin content was obtained from distilled water extracts following homogenization recorded at 10.82±2.63 mg/g, 10.39±4.10 mg/g and 10.52±1.05 mg/g for peels, fiber and core, respectively. The fiber extracts gave the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity followed by the core at 61.51±29.90% and 51.06±33.39%, respectively. The antioxidant activity was highest for methanol fiber extracts at 61.51±29.90% for DPPH radical scavenging activity and 7.94±4.56 mg/mL for reducing power assay. The best antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) was obtained from Ethyl acetate extracts showed. The unutilized jackfruit parts, therefore, are a potential source of natural antioxidants as well as antibacterial, for agriculture and food industry

Application of Conventional and Non-Conventional Extraction Methods to Obtain Functional Ingredients from Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Tissues and By-Products

“…Likewise, Zhang et al [16] reported that, when using 90% methanol for 6 h to extract phenolics, jackfruit peel yields were 4.95, 4.65, and 4.12 times higher than other parts of the fruit such as seeds, pulp, and flake, respectively. However, when comparing the phenolic content obtained from the peel to that from the fiber or core, the one from the fiber is higher (23.28 ± 4.73 mg/g), followed by the peel (17.07 ± 5.16 mg/g), and finally the core (15.68 ± 3.74 mg/g), using a CSE with methanol as solvent followed by 48 h incubation [12]. Sundarraj et al [17] conducted experiments to determine the best temperature and time conditions for pectin extraction with oxalic acid from jackfruit peel, where they found that the best performance results corresponded to 90 • C and 60 min.…”

“…The most reported bioactive compounds in jackfruit are phenolic compounds [1] and carotenoids [3]. However, there is evidence of other functional ingredients such as prebiotics including indigestible polysaccharides and oligosaccharides [9,10]; pectin [11]; minerals such as Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and Na [12]; essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as alpha-linoleic and linoleic [13]; and other fatty acids such as palmitic, oleic, stearic, myristic, lauric, capric, and arachidic acids [14], among others. Jackfruit functional ingredients are of great interest owing to their possible applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, specifically for their health-related benefits.…”

Antimicrobial Activity of Fruits and Vegetables Peels on Human Enteric Pathogen: A Review

“…Ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated the greatest antibacterial action against Xanthomonas axonopodispv. manihotis (Xam) (Adan et al, 2020).…”

Phytochemistry, pharmacological, medicinal significance of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Jackfruit)

“…The peels gave the highest inhibition followed by the fiber while the core gave the least. [20] A. heterophyllus possess antimicrobial activity against some food borne pathogens. Due to the natural origin of this extract, it is more safety for people and environment and low risk for resistance development by pathogenic microorganisms.…”