Phytochemical Compounds and Biological Properties of Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Extracts at Different Ripening Stages

Othmen, Khadija Ben; Beltrán, José María García; Elfalleh, Walid; Haddad, Mansour; Esteban, María Ángeles

doi:10.1007/s12649-021-01352-x

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Moreover, the results showed that the studied extract showed bactericidal and fungicidal potentials, with MBC values ranging from 0.35 to 0.70 µL/mL and MFC values of 10 µL/mL. These results are in accordance with several investigations which reported that C. siliqua extracts have a strong antimicrobial potential against a large range of microbes, including multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungal strains [50][51][52]. These results can be linked to the chemical composition of the CSEE that showed a high content of polyphenols.…”

Section: B Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties Of Cseesupporting

confidence: 89%

Exploring the Multi-Faceted Potential of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua var. Rahma) Leaves from Morocco: A Comprehensive Analysis of Polyphenols Profile, Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cell Lines, and Genotoxicity

Elbouzidi,

Taibi,

Ouassou

et al. 2023

Pharmaceuticals

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The botanical species Ceratonia siliqua L., commonly referred to as the Carob tree, and locally as “L’Kharrûb”, holds significance as an agro-sylvo-pastoral species, and is traditionally utilized in Morocco for treating a variety of ailments. This current investigation aims to ascertain the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of the ethanolic extract of C. siliqua leaves (CSEE). Initially, we analyzed the chemical composition of CSEE through high-performance liquid chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). Subsequently, we conducted various assessments, including DPPH scavenging capacity, β-carotene bleaching assay, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant capacity assays to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extract. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of CSEE against five bacterial strains (two gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis; and three gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Escherichia vekanda, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Candida albicans, and Geotrichum candidum). Additionally, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of CSEE on three human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-436) and assessed the potential genotoxicity of the extract using the comet assay. Through HPLC-DAD analysis, we determined that phenolic acids and flavonoids were the primary constituents of the CSEE extract. The results of the DPPH test indicated a potent scavenging capacity of the extract with an IC50 of 302.78 ± 7.55 µg/mL, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid with an IC50 of 260.24 ± 6.45 µg/mL. Similarly, the β-carotene test demonstrated an IC50 of 352.06 ± 12.16 µg/mL, signifying the extract’s potential to inhibit oxidative damage. The ABTS assay revealed IC50 values of 48.13 ± 3.66 TE µmol/mL, indicating a strong ability of CSEE to scavenge ABTS radicals, and the TAC assay demonstrated an IC50 value of 165 ± 7.66 µg AAE/mg. The results suggest that the CSEE extract had potent antioxidant activity. Regarding its antimicrobial activity, the CSEE extract was effective against all five tested bacterial strains, indicating its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. However, it only showed moderate activity against the two tested fungal strains, suggesting it may not be as effective against fungi. The CSEE exhibited a noteworthy dose-dependent inhibitory activity against all the tested tumor cell lines in vitro. The extract did not induce DNA damage at the concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL, as assessed by the comet assay. However, the 100 µg/mL concentration of CSEE resulted in a significant genotoxic effect compared to the negative control. A computational analysis was conducted to determine the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the constituent molecules present in the extract. The Prediction of Activity Spectra of Substances (PASS) test was employed to forecast the potential biological activities of these molecules. Additionally, the toxicity of the molecules was evaluated using the Protox II webserver.

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Section: B Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties Of Cseesupporting

confidence: 89%

Exploring the Multi-Faceted Potential of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua var. Rahma) Leaves from Morocco: A Comprehensive Analysis of Polyphenols Profile, Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cell Lines, and Genotoxicity

Elbouzidi,

Taibi,

Ouassou

et al. 2023

Pharmaceuticals

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“…Finally, we performed LC-MS analysis in the most promising anti-cancer extracts. Although several studies have been performed for the identification and quantification of polyphenols in carob fruit, research has highlighted that different extraction methods produce diverse patterns and compositions, changing the phenolic profile, and, therefore, the function of the derived extract [ 24 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Cancer Activity and Phenolic Content of Extracts Derived from Cypriot Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pods Using Different Solvents

et al. 2021

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Extracts derived from the Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob) tree have been widely studied for their ability to prevent many diseases mainly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. In this study, we explored, for the first time, the anti-cancer properties of Cypriot carobs. We produced extracts from ripe and unripe whole carobs, pulp and seeds using solvents with different polarities. We measured the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer and normal immortalized breast cells, using the MTT assay, cell cycle analysis and Western Blotting. The extracts’ total polyphenol content and anti-oxidant action was evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the DPPH assay. Finally, we used LC-MS analysis to identify and quantify polyphenols in the most effective extracts. Our results demonstrate that the anti-proliferative capacity of carob extracts varied with the stage of carob maturity and the extraction solvent. The Diethyl-ether and Ethyl acetate extracts derived from the ripe whole fruit had high Myricetin content and also displayed specific activity against cancer cells. Their mechanism of action involved caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis. Our results indicate that extracts from Cypriot carobs may have potential uses in the development of nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals.

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“…Fruit coloring was previously employed to describe carobs’ different ripening stages. In particular, Kyriacou et al [ 8 ], divided the maturity of carobs into six critical stages (RSI-RS6: fully developed green, dull green, breaker, green pedicel, ripe fully dark, and late ripe fruit), whereas Ben Othmen et al [ 31 ] reported only three stages of carob pods’ maturation (unripe, mid-ripe, and ripe stage).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HS-SPME-GC/MS Analysis for Revealing Carob’s Ripening

Fella¹,

Kaikiti²,

Stylianou³

et al. 2022

Metabolites

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Carob’s recognized nutritional and medicinal value next to its unique agriculture importance is associated with an array of social, economic, and cultural activities. The carob fruit is popular for its intense aroma due to the emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The composition of VOCs released from carob fruits changes during ripening, rendering it a non-invasive tool for the determination of the ripening period and freshness of the fruit. Therefore, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) was applied to reveal the respective gaseous signal molecules related to fruit maturity. The sampling was implemented during weeks 26–36 from five different locations in Cyprus. Additionally, the gaseous emissions of total VOCs (TVOCs) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were recorded next to the moisture content of the fruit. The major chemical classes in the ripening are acids, followed by esters, and ketones. More specifically, the most abundant VOCs during ripening are propanoic acid, 2-methyl- (isobutyric acid), 2-heptanone, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylbutyl ester, acetic acid, methyl isobutyrate, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-methylbutyl ester, 2-pentanone, butanoic acid and propanoic acid, 2-methyl- ethyl ester. Finally, CO2 emissions and moisture content showed a rapid decline until the 31st week and then stabilized for all examined areas. The methodology revealed variations in VOCs’ profile during the ripening process.

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Phytochemical Compounds and Biological Properties of Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Extracts at Different Ripening Stages

Cited by 17 publications

References 66 publications

Exploring the Multi-Faceted Potential of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua var. Rahma) Leaves from Morocco: A Comprehensive Analysis of Polyphenols Profile, Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cell Lines, and Genotoxicity

Exploring the Multi-Faceted Potential of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua var. Rahma) Leaves from Morocco: A Comprehensive Analysis of Polyphenols Profile, Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cell Lines, and Genotoxicity

Anti-Cancer Activity and Phenolic Content of Extracts Derived from Cypriot Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pods Using Different Solvents

HS-SPME-GC/MS Analysis for Revealing Carob’s Ripening

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