Phytochemical screening, polyphenols, flavonoids and tannin content, antioxidant activities and FTIR characterization of Marrubium vulgare L. from 2 different localities of Northeast of Morocco

Abstract

Chemical compositions, biological and antioxidant activities of plants are widely affected by several parameters and conditions, such as geographical and climatic conditions, type of extract (aqueous or organic), as well as the polarity of the extracting solvent. Therefore the present study was the first one designed to study the phytochemical composition, the content of polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids, the antioxidant activities and the chemical composition analysis by FTIR spectroscopic of organic (ethanol, methanol, ethyl Acetate, petroleum ether) and aqueous extracts of Marrubium vulgare L. leaves, collected from two different sampling localities in the North-East of Morocco: Oulad Daoud Zkhanine and the Cape Three Forks. A phytochemical screening was carried out by specific coloring and precipitation reactions. The colorimetric method Folin- Ciocalteu was used for the quantification of total phenolic content. The method of aluminum chloride was employed for the quantification of total flavonoid content and the method of vanillin for the determination of tannins. The antioxidant power was evaluated by the DPPH and ABTS methods. The chemical composition of the organic extracts was analyzed by the FTIR spectroscopy method. Depending on the sampling location of M.vulgare L., the type of extract (aqueous or organic), the polarity of the extracting solvent, and the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of the following secondary metabolites: catechic tannins, terpenoids, polyphenols and flavonoids. The total concentrations of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins varied respectively between 0.27 ± 0.1 and 86.91 ± 1.22 μg gallic acid equivalents/mg,6.08 ± 0.17 and 33.82 ± 0.90 μg quercetin equivalents/mg and 2.73 ± 1.15 and 252.68 ± 4.50 μg catechin equivalents/mg. The antioxidant activity that was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS method showed that ethanol extract, methanol and ethyl acetate extract had the highest percentages of inhibition, unlike petroleum ether extract. The inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 ) ranged from 324.55 ± 0.66 to 980 ± 0.62 μg/ml for DPPH and from 107.85 ± 0.19 to 890.74 ± 0.17 μg/ml for ABTS. FTIR spectroscopic analysis has revealed different characteristic peak values with various functional groups in the extracts such as amide, alcohol, phenol compounds. In general, the organic and aqueous extracts of M.vulgare L. that were harvested from Oulad Daoud Zkhanin were richer in secondary metabolites, and showed higher concentrations of polyphenol, flavonoids and tannins. In addition, they revealed a higher antioxidant capacity than the extracts of M. vulgare L.from the Cape Three Forks. Overall this study highlighted the potential benefits and richness of M.vulgare L. harvested from the two study areas and suggested it as a potential source of natural antioxidants that could be used in the food and pharmaceutical fields.

Effect of Supercritical Extract from Black Poplar and Basket Willow on the Quality of Natural and Probiotic Drinkable Yogurt

“…All yogurts provided excitation at a wavelength of 1454-1451 cm −1 , which confirmed the presence of symmetric C-O stretching bonds and CH 3 bending bonds present in the functional groups of proteins and lipids [65][66][67]. The vibrations of C-O, P=O, >PO 2 , C-O-C, and aromatic C-O stretching bonds within the wavelength range of 1245-1160 cm −1 , found in esters, phospholipids, and saccharides, were present in all yogurt samples [16,[62][63][64][65][66][67]. Natural and probiotic yogurts without scCO 2 /H 2 O extracts and probiotic yogurt with scCO 2 /H 2 O extract from P. nigra exhibited a minor excitation within a range of 1096-1072 cm −1 (Table 5), resulting from the presence of C-O and C-N stretching bonds and P=O stretching bonds in >PO 2 in aliphatic amines, esters, phospholipids, glycoproteins, and saccharides [62,[64][65][66][67].…”

“…The source of excitation at wavelengths of 1054, 1037, 1038, and 1017 cm −1 is the addition of scCO 2 /H 2 O extracts from P. nigra or S. viminalis to both types of yogurt. At these wavelengths, absorbance is exhibited by C-C bonds, C-H stretching and aromatic bonds, and C-O and C-N stretching bonds found in phenols, pectins, polysaccharides, and aliphatic amines [62][63][64]. Vibrations of the C-O and C-N stretching bonds within a range from 1029 to 1033 cm −1 confirm the presence of aliphatic amines in yogurt samples.…”

“…3300 cm −1 could indicate interactions between polyphenols and proteins, mainly through the formation of hydrogen bonds [68]. All tested yogurts exhibited absorbance values ranging from 2958 to 2852 cm −1 , corresponding to the vibrations of asymmetric C-H stretching bonds in the functional groups >CH 2 , CH 3 and symmetric >CH 2 , the C-H bonds in aromatic rings and the O-CH 3 bonds found in lipids, lignins, saccharides, and esters [62][63][64][65][66][67]. The presence of ester bonds in all tested yogurts was also confirmed by excitation within the wavelength range of 1744 to 1742 cm −1 (Table 5), corresponding to esters and carboxylic acids [65][66][67].…”

“…The recorded FTIR spectra of natural and probiotic yogurts with and without scCO 2 /H 2 O extracts from P. nigra and S. viminalis were characterised by peaks specific for the vibrations of chemical bonds found in components typical for this type of product. The excitations of chemical bonds were assigned to the corresponding functional groups based on the literature [16,[62][63][64][65][66][67].…”

The Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Cinnamomum Javanicum Blume Leaves From Central Kalimantan

“…The solution of 0.5 ml was added with 3.0 ml of vanillin 4% and 1.5 ml of concentrated HCl. The mixture was incubated for 10 minutes [21][22][23][24] . The absorbance was measured with UV Vis spectrophotometer at 498 nm.…”