Phytohormones and polyamines regulate plant stress responses by altering GABA pathway

γ‐Aminobutyric acid and related amino acids in plant immune responses: Emerging mechanisms of action

“…Given that GABA appears to be critical in regulating antioxidant mechanisms during stress conditions (Seifi, Curvers, et al, ; Song et al, ; Wang et al, ), PA catabolism‐dependent accumulation of both H 2 O 2 and GABA can provide further layers of regulation in the context of ROS dynamics under stress conditions (Gupta et al, ). Because of such considerations and the tight connection between GABA and PA during abiotic and biotic stress conditions (Hatmi et al, ; Podlešáková, Ugena, Spíchal, Dole, & De Diego, ; Wang et al, ), it is tempting to speculate that the modulation of the fluxes between GABA and PA metabolic pathways represents a way to control ROS accumulation and signalling during plant–pathogen interactions. Besides the metabolic link to PA, GABA can be preferably catabolized to GHB under elevated NADH/NAD + ratio conditions, which can take place under stresses such as cold, anoxia and drought (Allan, Simpson, Clark, & Shelp, ; Allan, Smith, & Shelp, ; Kaplan et al, ).…”

Involvement of polyamines in sucrose-induced tolerance to atrazine-mediated chemical stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

“…On the other hand, in Arabidopsis and in other Brassicaceae species, the two ADC paralogues, generally called ADC1 and ADC2, exhibit complex patterns of differential expression and potential subfunctionalization (Hummel et al, 2004a(Hummel et al, , 2004b. In Arabidopsis thaliana, induction of ADC2 is associated with osmotic stress, wounding, light, and salinity (Hummel et al, 2004a;Podlešáková et al, 2019), whereas ADC1 is particularly responsive to chilling (Podlešáková et al, 2019). The present work shows that, under conditions of xenobiotic exposure and potential stress, ADC2 was the most sucrose-responsive of the genes related to polyamine biosynthesis and was therefore likely to play an important role in the sucrose-and atrazine-dependent variations of polyamine levels (Fig.…”

“…Polyamines have also been shown to be free radical scavengers and protectants against ozone damage (Bors et al, 1989). Moreover, polyamines are interconnected with other metabolic pathways involved in the formation of various signaling molecules and metabolites that are involved in plant stress responses and development (Liu et al, 2015;Podlešáková et al, 2019). Thus, polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis are metabolically connected through S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) which acts as a common precursor (Takahashi and Kakehi, 2010;Podlešáková et al, 2019).…”

“…Moreover, polyamines are interconnected with other metabolic pathways involved in the formation of various signaling molecules and metabolites that are involved in plant stress responses and development (Liu et al, 2015;Podlešáková et al, 2019). Thus, polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis are metabolically connected through S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) which acts as a common precursor (Takahashi and Kakehi, 2010;Podlešáková et al, 2019). Different connections also link polyamines with ROS dynamics (Moschou and Roubelakis-Angelakis, 2014).…”

Polyamines and legumes: Joint stories of stress, nitrogen fixation and environment

“…In addition, PAs display effects on vacuolar channels in plants (Pottosin and Muñiz, 2002), particularly on the plant plasma membrane ion channels and pumps . Notwithstanding the precise molecular mechanisms by which PAs control plant responses to abiotic stress remain unknown, several aspects about their apparently clashing roles in the development have been reviewed the last years, including the involvement of PAs signaling in direct interactions with different metabolic routes and intricate hormonal cross-talks, nitric oxide formation, modulation of ion channel activities and Ca 2+ homeostasis (Alcázar et al, 2010;Bitrián et al, 2012;Minocha et al, 2014;Podlešáková et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2018;Tun et al, 2006;Yamasaki and Cohen, 2006).…”