Phytosterol Ester Constituents Affect Micellar Cholesterol Solubility in Model Bile

Brown, Andrew W.; Hang, Jiliang; Dussault, Patrick H.; Carr, Timothy P.

doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3456-6

Cited by 60 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Four different phytosterols decreased cholesterol solubility to a very similar extent. Stigmasterol was, by a small margin, the most potent of the four, decreasing the concentration of micellar cholesterol and total solubilized sterols [32]. In this study, stigmasterol was not found in USF of PFAD.…”

Section: The Effect Of Usf On Lipid Profile Improvementcontrasting

confidence: 48%

The Effect of Unsaponifiable Fraction from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate on Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolaemia Rats

Estiasih¹,

Ahmadi²,

Widyaningsih³

et al. 2014

JFNR

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Physical refining of palm oil by deodorization produces palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) that contains some bioactive compounds such as vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienols), phytosterol, and squalene. These bioactive compounds were accumulated in unsaponifiable fraction. This study aimed to use USF as a source of bioactive compounds for lowering cholesterol that tested in vivo by using hypercholesterolaemia rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups that administered by USF of 0, 200, 500, 1000 mg/kg bw/day. As comparison, one group of rats was fed by commercial squalene supplement of 90 mg/kg bw/day. One group of normal rats was used as a control. The results showed that USF of PFAD contained vitamin E 1.96%, phytosterols 0.55%, and squalene 32.30%. Vitamin E of USF comprised of 83% tocotrienols and the remaining is tocopherol. Phytosterols of USF contained 0.42% beta sitosterol and 0.13% campesterol. The result showed that USF doses significantly affected blood serum total cholesterol reduction. Higher dose of USF caused greater reduction of serum blood cholesterol level. The highest decline of blood serum total cholesterol was found at USF dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. At dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day, blood serum cholesterol level reached normal after USF administration for 4 weeks. The blood serum triglyceride level decreased in line with increasing USF doses. The sharp decline of blood serum triglyceride level was found at USF dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day and at the end of experiment (week 4), the blood serum triglyceride level reached normal. Higher dose of USF resulted on greater decrease of LDL cholesterol level. The highest decline of LDL cholesterol level was found on USF 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Increasing USF dose resulted in increasing blood serum HDL cholesterol level. The higher rise of blood serum HDL cholesterol level was found at USF dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Commercial squalene at dose of 90 mg/kg bw/day was less effective in reducing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and troglyceride, as well as in rising HDL cholesterol level than USF 200 mg/kg bw/day (equivalent to squalene 64.60 mg/kg bw/day). This finding proved that multi components of bioactive compounds in USF improved blood lipid profile synergistically.

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Section: The Effect Of Usf On Lipid Profile Improvementcontrasting

confidence: 48%

The Effect of Unsaponifiable Fraction from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate on Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolaemia Rats

Estiasih¹,

Ahmadi²,

Widyaningsih³

et al. 2014

JFNR

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“…However, because intact phytosterol esters do not incorporate into micelles or affect cholesterol solubility within mixed micelles in vitro [34], unhydrolyzed phytosterol esters may affect cholesterol absorption independent of micelles by creating a lipid phase in which cholesterol becomes trapped. Indirect evidence for this can be inferred by decreased cholesterol absorption in triglyceride lipase knockout mice fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosterol stearate esters elicit similar responses on plasma lipids and cholesterol absorption but different responses on fecal neutral sterol excretion and hepatic free cholesterol in male Syrian hamsters

et al. 2011

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“…For example, plant sterols and their esters offer an opportunity to modulate cholesterol metabolism in hamsters (19). These compounds reduce cholesterol absorption in the intestine by a displacement of cholesterol by the plant sterol in intestinal micelles, by cocrystallization between plant sterols and cholesterol leading to the formation of insoluble crystals, and by impeding cholesterol hydrolysis by lipases and cholesterol esterases (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). The chemical processes by which plant sterols exert their actions have been extensively studied in vitro and do not require the participation of intestinal bacteria.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diet-Induced Alterations of Host Cholesterol Metabolism Are Likely To Affect the Gut Microbiota Composition in Hamsters

Martínez

Perdicaro

Brown

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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193

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The gastrointestinal microbiota affects the metabolism of the mammalian host and has consequences for health. However, the complexity of gut microbial communities and host metabolic pathways make functional connections difficult to unravel, especially in terms of causation. In this study, we have characterized the fecal microbiota of hamsters whose cholesterol metabolism was extensively modulated by the dietary addition of plant sterol esters (PSE). PSE intake induced dramatic shifts in the fecal microbiota, reducing several bacterial taxa within the families Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. The abundance of these taxa displayed remarkably high correlations with host cholesterol metabolites. Most importantly, the associations between several bacterial taxa with fecal and biliary cholesterol excretion showed an almost perfect fit to a sigmoidal nonlinear model of bacterial inhibition, suggesting that host cholesterol excretion can shape microbiota structure through the antibacterial action of cholesterol. In vitro experiments suggested a modest antibacterial effect of cholesterol, and especially of cholesteryl-linoleate, but not plant sterols when included in model bile micelles. The findings obtained in this study are relevant to our understanding of gut microbiota-host lipid metabolism interactions, as they provide the first evidence for a role of cholesterol excreted with the bile as a relevant host factor that modulates the gut microbiota. The findings further suggest that the connections between Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae and host lipid metabolism, which have been observed in several studies, could be caused by a metabolic phenotype of the host (cholesterol excretion) affecting the gut microbiota.T he mammalian gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms (the gut microbiota), a large fraction of which are bacteria. This microbial community has an extensive impact on host metabolism with important implications for health (1-3). The contribution of the gut microbiota to energy harvest from the diet and to fat storage constitutes a key beneficial trait that underlies host-microbiota symbiosis in mammals (4). However, this contribution has likely become detrimental to modern humans living in societies with excess food resources, as it increases susceptibility to metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and coronary heart disease. Accordingly, the gut microbiota is increasingly being accepted as an important factor that contributes to pathological conditions associated with obesity (5), and in humans, metabolic pathologies often are associated with alterations in the gut microbiota (which is referred to as dysbiosis) (6-9). Unfortunately, there is still little consensus on the bacterial groups that are linked to obesity-related diseases and metabolic phenotypes (3). In addition, although comparisons between germ-free and conventional mice and rats have clearly established a role of the microbiota in modulating host lipid metabolism (2, 10-12), it remai...

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Phytosterol Ester Constituents Affect Micellar Cholesterol Solubility in Model Bile

Cited by 60 publications

References 28 publications

The Effect of Unsaponifiable Fraction from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate on Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolaemia Rats

The Effect of Unsaponifiable Fraction from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate on Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolaemia Rats

Phytosterol stearate esters elicit similar responses on plasma lipids and cholesterol absorption but different responses on fecal neutral sterol excretion and hepatic free cholesterol in male Syrian hamsters

Diet-Induced Alterations of Host Cholesterol Metabolism Are Likely To Affect the Gut Microbiota Composition in Hamsters

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