Phytotherapy as an alternative for treating fish disease

Abstract

Intensification of livestock rearing often promotes an increase in inappropriate practices that disregard care for the environment, animal health, and workers' health. Intensive fish farming systems are often associated with higher stocking density and massive use of artificial feed. Currently, outbreaks of parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases act as major limiting factors for fish farming, meaning that producers have to make use of massive amounts of antibiotics, disinfectants, and pesticides in order to control mortality and avoid huge economic losses. Because of adverse effects on the aquatic environment, terrestrial organisms, and human health (both fish handlers and consumers), this therapy has been criticized. Use of herbal medicines within animal production has shown promise, in that it is natural and biodegradable and has antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including those relating to fish. Recently, researchers have reported promising effects from many herbal medicines for treating parasitic diseases caused by protozoa and metazoa, and broad activity against bacteria and fungi. This review addresses the current issues regarding indiscriminate use of chemicals and antibiotics in aquaculture and discusses the main findings and methodologies of the latest research on herbal medicines to stimulate and accelerate research in this field, especially in developing countries.

Aquaculture Drugs: Sources, Active Ingredients, Pharmaceutic Preparations and Methods of Administration

“…These data may help future researchers in selecting herbal medicines to deepen the research and development studies on new products [53]. It can be seen that herbal medicines against I. multifiliis parasites and various species of monogeneans have been widely studied.…”

“…An extensive search for studies in which herbal medicines were used to treat fish parasites was conducted, and the data from this search have been presented in Table 3 [53]. These data may help future researchers in selecting herbal medicines to deepen the research and development studies on new products [53].…”

Extrato aquoso de canela como promotor de crescimento para larvas do peixe ornamental amazônico pyrrhulina brevis

“…Diversos fitoterápicos vêm sendo avaliados a fim de promover estabilidade no ambiente de cultivo e a profilaxia de doenças, contribuindo para melhoria do bem-estar animal, possibilitando assim o aumento do desempenho produtivo, sobrevivência e reprodução (tAVeCHio et al, 2009;VAllADão et al, 2015).…”

“…O uso do extrato de folhas canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), na alimentação e em sistema de criação de peixes, vem ganhando destaque pelo potencial antioxidante, anti-inflamatório, antifún-gico, antiparasitário, antimutagênico e imunoestimulante, além de promover melhoras do desenvolvimento animal (AbAsAli e MoHAMAD, 2010;VAllADão et al, 2015;sAntos et al, 2016), porém seu uso na larvicultura ainda não foi avaliado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do extrato aquoso de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) sobre o desempenho produtivo de larvas de Pyrrhulina brevis.…”

Effects of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on prevention of the ectoparasitic protozoans Ichthyobodo salmonis and Trichodina truttae in juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta

“…Plant extracts display many activities with potential benefits in aquaculture, such as antipathogen properties, antistress activities, growth promotion, appetite stimulation, enhancement of tonicity and immunostimulation (Athanassopoulou et al, 2009;Citarasu, 2010;Chakraborty & Hancz, 2011;Murthy & Kiran, 2013;Ramudu & Dash, 2013;Reverter et al, 2014;Sivasankar et al, 2015;Syahidah et al, 2015;Valladão et al, 2014). Natural extracts also have the advantage of inducing less drug resistance in various parasites because their mechanisms of action are highly diverse (Blumenthal et al, 2000;Logambal et al, 2000;Olusola et al, 2013).…”