Phytotoxins. II. Characterization of a phytotoxic fraction from alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici

Bottini, Albert T.; Bowen, John R.; Gilchrist, David G.

doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)90535-0

Cited by 110 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In some instances, for example HMT toxin from H. maydis race T (18) and AAL toxin from Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici (1), the individual species have equal innate toxicity and selectivity. In others (AM toxin from A. mali [7]), there are significant differences in toxicity to susceptible hosts which may be helpful in explaining the mode of action.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biological Activity of the Isomeric Forms of Helminthosporium sacchari Toxin and of Homologs Produced in Culture

Duvick¹,

Daly²,

Krátký³

et al. 1984

Plant Physiol.

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The effect of Helminthosporium sacchari (HS) toxin isomers and related, pathogen-produced compounds on dark CO2 fixation in HSsusceptible sugar cane leaf slices was investigated. HS toxin consists of a mixture of three isomeric bis-5-O-(6-galactofuranosyl)-$-galactofuranosides (A, B, and C) differing in the position of one double bond in the sesquiterpene aglycone. Maximum inhibition of dark CO2 fixation in susceptible sugar cane (CP52-68) occurred within 30 to 40 minutes, and amounts necessary to reach 50% inhibition values typically were approximately 1.7 micromolar for natural toxin mixture (= 2:3:5 mixture of isomers A:B:C) and 4, 6, and 0.7 micromolar for isomers A, B, and C, respectively. Other fractions from cultures of the pathogen consist of comparable mixtures of sesquiterpene isomers but have only 1, 2, or 3 galactofuranose units (HS,, HS2, HS3) or two a-glucopyranose units as well as four il-galactofuranose units (HS6). The lower toxin homologs were not toxic to clone CP52-68, but protected sugar cane from the effects of toxin. Minimum ratios of protectant: toxin giving 95% protection were approximately 50:1, 6:1, and 12:1 for HS,, HS2, and HS3, respectively. HS2 and HS3 protected when added up to 12 minutes after toxin as well as when added with or before toxin. Some common plant galactopyranosides were not toxic and did not protect at 500:1 molar excess. The sample of HS6 was toxic at 500 micromolar, and did not protect apinst HS toxin. With the availability of purified, homogeneous preparations of HS toxin, homologs, and chemically modified or synthetic analogs, the dark CO2 fixation assay should prove to be a useful tool for understanding the mode of action of HS toxin.Independent efforts by two groups (10,(13)(14)(15)(16) have recently demonstrated that the host-selective pathotoxin (HS toxin), produced by Helminthosporium sacchari (Van Breda de Haan) Butler, and affecting sugar cane, consists of a sesquiterpene moiety and several ,B-galactofuranose units. Livingston and Scheffer (10) presented evidence that galactose was present as an oligomer of four to six (most probably five) ,-linked residues with a terminal sesquiterpene aglycone. Macko et al. (15,16), on the basis of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra, concluded that HS toxin consists of a central sesquiterpene aglycone linked to two residues of 5-O-(,B-galactofuranosyl)-,B-galactofuranoside (Fig.

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confidence: 99%

“…In the course of the isolation of HS toxin, the presence of nontoxic lower homologs in culture filtrates has been observed (1 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]17). These lower homologs possess 1, 2, or 3 galactose units and are designated in this paper as HS,, HS2, and HS3, respectively, in order to distinguish them from active toxin (HS4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activity of the Isomeric Forms of Helminthosporium sacchari Toxin and of Homologs Produced in Culture

Duvick¹,

Daly²,

Krátký³

et al. 1984

Plant Physiol.

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“…However, the probable developmental or reproductive hazard is not convincing because of incomplete data [8,9]. Nonetheless, BPA exerts unexpected exposure outcome relationships, because low doses frequently exert stronger toxicity than higher doses because of its estrogenic and other biotic features [10]; BPA ≤5 mg/kg body weight/day during the critical phases of growth might afect healthiness later in life [11]. From a toxic dynamics point of view, it was investigated that BPA half-life was relatively short and thus it was suggested to be a fairly less cumulative chemical.…”

Section: Bpa Toxicity Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Toxic Effects BPA on Fetuses, Infants, and Children

Ellahi¹,

Rashid²

2017

Bisphenol a Exposure and Health Risks

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“…The analogous compounds, AAL toxins (AAL Toxin TA1ϭ7), are 1-amino-2-alkanols and produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici [16]. Both mycotoxins inhibit ceramide synthase (sphingosine N-acyltransferase) [15,17].…”

Section: Aspergillus Niger Atcc6275 100mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paecilaminol, a New NADH-Fumarate Reductase Inhibitor, Produced by Paecilomyces sp. FKI-0550

Shiomi

Suzuki

et al. 2006

J Antibiot

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Phytotoxins. II. Characterization of a phytotoxic fraction from alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici

Cited by 110 publications

References 3 publications

Biological Activity of the Isomeric Forms of Helminthosporium sacchari Toxin and of Homologs Produced in Culture

Biological Activity of the Isomeric Forms of Helminthosporium sacchari Toxin and of Homologs Produced in Culture

The Toxic Effects BPA on Fetuses, Infants, and Children

Paecilaminol, a New NADH-Fumarate Reductase Inhibitor, Produced by Paecilomyces sp. FKI-0550

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