Picosa: The Elementary Southwestern Culture

Irwin-Williams, Cynthia

doi:10.2307/2694073

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Environmental and archaeological evidence has shown that the period between about 7500 and 5000 years bp was characterized by a marked reduction in effective moisture throughout the greater Southwest, followed by a marked increase in effective moisture after about 5000 years bp (Aikens 1983). Archaeological remains in this region suggest that human populations in this area expanded as effective moisture increased (Irwin‐Williams 1967). Similarly, the increase in effective moisture during this period may have supported an increased diversity and abundance of flying insects, thus supporting the observed expansion of T. b. mexicana populations in the central migratory groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation and migration in the Mexican free‐tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana)

2005

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Incomplete lineage sorting can genetically link populations long after they have diverged, and will exert a more powerful influence on larger populations. The effects of this stochastic process can easily be confounded with those of gene flow, potentially leading to inaccurate estimates of dispersal capabilities or erroneous designation of evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). We have used phylogenetic, population genetic, and coalescent methods to examine genetic structuring in large populations of a widely dispersing bat species and to test hypotheses concerning the influences of coalescent stochasticity vs. gene flow. The Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana, exhibits variation in both migratory tendency and route over its range. Observations of the species' migratory behaviour have led to the description of behaviourally and geographically defined migratory groups, with the prediction that these groups compose structured gene pools. Here, we used mtDNA sequence analyses coupled with existing information from allozyme, banding, and natural history studies to evaluate hypotheses regarding the relationship between migration and genetic structure. Analyses of molecular variance revealed no significant genetic structuring of behaviourally distinct migratory groups. Demographic analyses were consistent with population growth, although the timing of population expansion events differs between migratory and nonmigratory populations. Hypotheses concerning the role of gene flow vs. incomplete lineage sorting on these data are explored using coalescent simulations. Our study demonstrates the importance of accounting for coalescent stochasticity in formulating phylogeographical hypotheses, and indicates that analyses that do not take such processes into account can lead to false conclusions regarding a species' phylogeographical history.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation and migration in the Mexican free‐tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana)

2005

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“…The Archaic cultures present in the southern half of the American Southwest have been described by various terms including the Cochise variant of the Desert Archaic (Sayles and Antevs 1941), the Hueco Phase of the Jornada Branch of the Mogollon (Lehmer 1948) and the Picosa (Irwin- Williams 1967). Basically, all these terms refer to hunting and gathering cultures which existed from ca.…”

Section: Prehistoric Occupationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Archaeological Survey of the Radium Springs Area, Southern New Mexico

Hester¹

1977

ITA

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“…to A.D. 500 (see Charles 2011 andLipe 1993:2). Archaeologists working in the northern U.S. Southwest have struggled with questions regarding how agricultural products reached the region (e.g., Berry and Berry 1986;Berry 1982;Irwin-Williams 1967LeBlanc et al 2008;Matson 1991;Merrill et al 2009;Wills 1988aWills , 1988bWills , 1990Wills , 1994, how dependent the region's first farmers were on domesticated versus wild resources (e.g., Charles 2007;Chisholm and Matson 1994;Coltrain et al 2006Coltrain et al , 2007Martin et al 1991;Matson and Chisholm 1991), and on how an increasingly sedentary, farming-centered lifestyle impacted the lives of these early farmers and their descendents (e.g., Badenhorst and Driver 2009;Dean 2006[1989]; Martin et al 1991;Reed 2000;Tainter and Tainter 1996).…”

Section: Transition To Agriculture In the Northern Us Southwestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some scholars, for instance, argue that farmers migrated into the area from the south, bringing agricultural crops and a farming way of life with them (e.g., Berry and Berry 1986;Berry 1982). Others, in contrast, argue that the region's hunter-gatherers became farmers after learning about and acquiring agricultural products from their farming neighbors (e.g., -Williams 1967-Williams , 1973-Williams , 1979Kidder 1927:556;Merrill et al 2009). Despite this dichotomy, it is likely that some BM II populations represent the descendents of local hunter-gatherers turned farmers, while others were the descendents of migrating farmers.…”

Section: Chapter 1: the Basketmakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As was discussed above, though the Basketmaker II period marks the appearance of agriculture in the Ancestral Puebloan region, the means by which agriculture entered the area is not clear (see Gilpin 1994, Matson 1991and Merrill et al 2009). Some scholars, for instance, argue that maize came to the northern Southwest through cultural diffusion and was slowly adopted by local hunter-gatherers (e.g., Cordell 1997:176-178;Irwin-Williams 1967Merrill et al 2009 (LeBlanc et al 2008;Matson 1991). This division between the Eastern and Western Basketmakers has been long recognized in material culture (Charles and Cole 2006;Matson 1991), rock art (Cole 1993;Robins 1997;Schaafsma 1980), mortuary practices (Mabry 1998;Mowrer 2006), and skeletal morphology (LeBlanc et al 2008;, and is at the heart of much debate in Basketmaker II archaeology.…”

Section: Large Versus Small Gamementioning

confidence: 99%

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Meat at the origins of agriculture

Reynolds¹

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The northern U.S. Southwest was once home to the Ancestral Puebloans (also called the Anasazi), famous for their impressive architecture, beautiful ceramics, and ability to succeed as corn farmers in the harsh Southwestern desert. The agricultural products so important to these people first entered the region during the Basketmaker II (BM II) period, most broadly thought to have lasted from around 1500 B.C. to A.D. 500.Since the BM II period marks the initial presence of corn-based agriculture in the region, most attention regarding the BM II diet has focused on plant resources and levels of dependency upon agricultural products. In contrast, thorough analyses regarding how BM II groups utilized wild animal resources have been considerably rare. As a result, we are left with an incomplete view of the BM II diet. Archaeologists are thus unable to determine how early farmers in the northern U.S. Southwest integrated wild and domesticated resources, or how the use of those resources might have changed during the ~2,000 year long BM II period. This is unfortunate, as the BM II diet was likely quite variable across the geographically diverse landscape of the northern U.S. Southwest as well as chronologically, owing to environmental changes and/or restrictions, settlement and mobility patterns, and demographic pressure.To address these concerns and better understand patterns in BM II faunal use, faunal data from BM II sites must be more diligently investigated and set into a regional framework of settlement studies, geographic distribution, and site chronology. The Dissertation before you begins to do just that by analyzing patterns in BM II faunal use as they vary over time and across space. This is achieved by a) presenting the results of my analysis of more than 15,000 animal bones from the Darkmold site, a recently excavated BM II site located in Southwestern Colorado; and b) synthesizing the published faunal data from 30 additional BM II sites. This data is then analyzed to identify geographic and chronological patterns regarding which taxa different BM II populations relied upon.While the general goal of this project will be to understand the broad trends in BM II faunal use, the analysis of these trends will focus on evaluating the following hypothesis: Sedentism and a lack of domesticated sources of protein during the BM II period resulted in the overharvesting of high-ranking wild fauna and a subsequent reliance upon smaller, lower-ranking fauna. This hypothesis is addressed by creating a better understanding of 1) which taxa were available to be utilized at different locations and at different times, 2) how demographic and environmental factors impacted the ways in which different BM II groups interacted with the animals in their surrounding environments, and 3) to what degree resource stress and overharvesting of faunal resources was a problem faced by these early agriculturalists. While addressing these concerns, it has been determined that instances of resource stress did occur during the BM II period, mos...

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Picosa: The Elementary Southwestern Culture

Cited by 25 publications

References 14 publications

Genetic variation and migration in the Mexican free‐tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana)

Genetic variation and migration in the Mexican free‐tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana)

An Archaeological Survey of the Radium Springs Area, Southern New Mexico

Meat at the origins of agriculture

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