PID Temperature Control System-Based Microfluidic PCR Chip for Genetic Analysis

Abstract

A microfluidic device based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for genetic diagnostics was designed and fabricated. The continuous-flow microfluidic PCR system was integrated with two heating blocks to increase the temperature in each zone (denaturation, annealing, and extension). To maintain a constant temperature, heat transfer was controlled by a temperature controller system while receiving real-time feedback of a thermocouple attached to the microchannel. The DNA amplification was evaluated by fluorescence imaging through agarose gel electrophoresis. The developed continuous-flow microfluidic PCR chip provides reliable amplification of the target DNA with a real-time system controller while maintaining the temperature.

Polymerase Chain Reaction Microchip and PID Controller Based Thermal Cycler Design

“…Thermal cyclers designed using different PID controllers are given in the Table 2. A study successfully amplified lambda phage gene by using PID temperature controller [30]. This study differs from other studies as a continuous flow PCR.…”

Design of a Novel PID Controller Based on Machine Learning Algorithm for a Micro-Thermoelectric Cooler of the Polymerase Chain Reaction Device

“…After determining the design objectives and considering the hardware constraints, the controller was developed using the root locus method to create a two- degree-of-freedom continuous time controller and place the dominant pole pair [15]. Kim et al created a continuous flow polydimethylsiloxane based microfluidic PCR using two heat block zones and a PID temperature control system as a universal platform for gene amplification [16]. It was obtained better results using a PID controller than using a manual method.…”

“…It was obtained better results using a PID controller than using a manual method. [16]. Katja et al developed the planning, development, and testing of a real-time, affordable, portable PCR device that may be used in resource-constrained and emergency medical settings [17].…”

Portable rotary PCR system for real-time detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in milk

“…1,2 Traditional methods for Pseudomonas detection are plating culture and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays and qPCR technology, which are either time-consuming or require expensive/heavy equipment, limiting rapid diagnostic applications. 3,4 Thus, to reduce costs and increase their portability, researchers have reported various mini-PCR studies, [5][6][7][8][9] which are mainly divided into two categories: timedomain PCR and spatial-domain PCR. In time-domain PCR, the temperature cycling is accomplished by controlling the heater, which makes the operation simple and easy to integrate.…”