1. Piericidin A inhibits the oxidative phosphorylation capacity of the NADH oxidase in submitochondrial systems a t concentrations of 30 pmoles/mg protein, that of the succinic oxidase at 6 nmoles/mg protein and the phosphorylation in the cytochrome oxidase region a t concentrations of 5 vmoles/mg protein.2. The energy dependent NAD' reductions are 10 times more sensitive to piericidin A than the NADH oxidase reaction. There is a correlation between the oxidation reduction state of the respiratory chain components, presumably of coenzyme Q and the extent of sensivity to the inhibitor.3. Piericidin A and guanidine compounds showed an additive or more than additive inhibitory effect when added together.4. p-Chloromercuribenzoate and piericidin have a synergistic effect when added simultaneously. 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol (BAL) could partly release the piericidin inhibition, in contrast to glutathione, indicating an involvement of proximal -SH-groups in the piericidin sensitive site.5. Some discrepancies between the piericidin action and the inhibitory action of rotenone and amytal are noted.6. A hypothesis is put forward for the possible interaction of a non-heme iron component, structurally arranged by S-bonds and coenzyme Q and the relevance of this chelate for the generation of a primary high energy complex.Piericidin A is an insecticidal metabolite of Streptomyces mobarensis, the chemical structure of which has been determined as a pyridine ring with methoxyl groups, nuclear methyl and hydroxyl groups and an isoprenoid-like side chain arranged in a coenzyme Q like manner [ 1 -31.It acts as a competitive inhibitor of mitochondrial reactions where coenzyme Q is involved [4,5]. This effect, suggested by a similarity in structure between the quinoid coenzyme and the insecticide, was demonstrated as a release of piericidin A inhibited succinic oxidase by the addition of coenzyme Q. It was further shown that NADH oxidase was sensitive to extremely low concentrations of piericidin A.The reduction of cytochrome b after addition of NADH or succinate is considerably delayed in the presence of piericidin A and coenzyme Q reduction is completely abolished (61.