Piezoelectric approaches for wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring: a review

Abstract

Portable and timely monitoring of blood pressure (BP) is critical for early prevention and daily control of hypertension. Despite tremendous efforts, achieving a wearable and continuous BP monitoring system remains a challenge. Of special attention is the piezoelectric approach with intrinsically good dynamic response characteristics and high fidelity through correlating arterial pulse waves with BP waves. However, the piezoelectric arterial pulse dynamic response is elusive. Here, we review state-of-the-art wearable BP measurements and arterial pulse wave monitoring using piezoelectric sensors. We then discuss the challenges and some possible solutions in wearable continuous BP monitoring. Finally, we propose a potential wearable BP monitoring strategy using arterial pulse piezoelectric dynamics.

Blood pressure measurement techniques, standards, technologies, and the latest futuristic wearable cuff-less know-how

“…21 Several studies emphasize this area's significance and suggest that a timely assessment is required. Previously, several review articles have been published that focused on the historical evolution of BP measurement techniques, instruments, and their calibration, 7 systematic approach in invasive techniques, 22 oscillometric BP measurement, 23 cuffless measurement techniques, 24,25 advances in non-invasive BP monitoring, 26,27 piezoelectric approach for BP monitoring, 28 and wearable two-and three-dimensional sensors for BP measurements. 13,14,29 Still, a comprehensive systematic study of the BP measurement techniques and the recently developed flexible and wearable technologies using these techniques is missing in the literature.…”

Recent development of piezoelectric biosensors for physiological signal detection and machine learning assisted cardiovascular disease diagnosis

“…Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring can be further classied into two types: cuff and cuffless approaches, where cuffless ones are more favored in daily lives and academic researches due to their portability and the ability to measure continuous real-time blood pressure. 125 Using piezoelectric technology, biomechanical energy/ signals can be efficiently transformed into electrical energy. [126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133] The principle of blood pressure measurement using the piezoelectric biosensors is based on the displacement of the tissue surface owing to the force of the pressure variation in artery.…”

Recent Progress in MEMS Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Pressure Sensors

“…Pressure sensing plays an important role in many industrial fields, such as human–machine interactive devices [ 1 , 2 ], electronic skin [ 3 ], endoscopic instruments [ 4 ], and aerodynamic measurements [ 5 , 6 ], etc. Conventional electronic pressure sensors based on piezoresistive [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], piezoelectric [ 9 , 10 ], and capacitive [ 4 , 11 , 12 ] principles struggle to survive in harsh environments, as they still suffer electromagnetic interference, large temperature cross-sensitivity, and poor corrosion resistance.…”