Pig Organ Energy Loss Comparison Experiments Using <scp>BB</scp>s

Maiden, Nicholas R.; Musgrave, Ian; Fisk, Wesley; Byard, Roger W.

doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13056

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The models developed and used in this study ("open shape" and "spherical") have been inspired respectively by Riva et al [1] and Thali et al [33]; both have been composed using only materials, which are well known in wound ballistics tests; namely a layer of leather [27], the ballistic gelatine 10% at 4° [22,28,32,[44][45][46] and polyurethane plates [1,5,14,19]. Various studies can be found in the wound ballistics literature regarding the quantitative and qualitative aspects of skin perforation [27,[47][48][49].…”

Section: Simulants Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

et al. 2021

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In shooting crimes, ballistics tests are often recommended in order to reproduce the wound characteristics of the involved persons. For this purpose, several “simulants” can be used. However, despite the efforts in the research of “surrogates” in the field of forensic ballistic, the development of synthetic models needs still to be improved through a validation process based on specific real caseworks. This study has been triggered by the findings observed during the autopsy performed on two victims killed in the same shooting incident, with similar wounding characteristics; namely two retained head shots with ricochet against the interior wall of the skull; both projectiles have been recovered during the autopsies after migration in the brain parenchyma. The thickness of the different tissues and structures along the bullets trajectories as well as the incident angles between the bullets paths and the skull walls have been measured and reproduced during the assemblage of the synthetic head models. Two different types of models (“open shape” and “spherical”) have been assembled using leather, polyurethane and gelatine to simulate respectively skin, bone and soft tissues. Six shots have been performed in total. The results of the models have been compared to the findings of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and the autopsy findings.Out of the six shots, two perforated the models and four were retained. When the projectile was retained, the use of both models allowed reproducing the wounds characteristics observed on both victims in terms of penetration and ricochet behaviour. However, the projectiles recovered from the models showed less deformation than the bullets collected during the autopsies. The “open shape” model allowed a better controlling on the shooting parameters than the “spherical” model. Finally, the difference in bullet deformation could be caused by the choice of the bone simulant, which might under-represent either the strength or the density of the human bone. In our opinion, it would be worth to develop a new, more representative material for ballistic which simulates the human bone.

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Section: Simulants Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

et al. 2021

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“…A recent comparison of wounds caused by 4.8 mm diameter ball bearings (1150 ± 5 m/s) in 10% (by mass) gelatine and the legs of anesthetised swine reported similar trajectories in both targets, DoP within 1% and the pattern of temporary cavity formation and collapse being similar, but the maximum size and duration larger (12%) and longer (24%) in gelatine [ 7 ]. Gelatine blocks of 20% (by mass, usually conditioned to 10 °C) are used by some in the wound ballistic testing community and are often referred to as “NATO gelatine” [ 8 – 11 ]. However, there is no NATO standard for gelatine and therefore “20% gelatine (by mass)” should be used.…”

Section: Why Are Gelatine Blocks Used For Wound Ballistics Studies?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of gelatine in wound ballistics research

2018

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Blocks of gelatine are used in both lethality and survivability studies for broadly the same reason, i.e. comparison of ammunition effects using a material that it is assumed represents (some part of) the human body. The gelatine is used to visualise the temporary and permanent wound profiles; elements of which are recognised as providing a reasonable approximation to wounding in humans. One set of researchers aim to improve the lethality of the projectile, and the other to understand the effects of the projectile on the body to improve survivability. Research areas that use gelatine blocks are diverse and include ammunition designers, the medical and forensics communities and designers of ballistic protective equipment (including body armour). This paper aims to provide an overarching review of the use of gelatine for wound ballistics studies; it is not intended to provide an extensive review of wound ballistics as that already exists, e.g. Legal Med 23:21–29, 2016. Key messages are that test variables, projectile type (bullet, fragmentation), impact site on the body and intermediate layers (e.g. clothing, personal protective equipment (PPE)) can affect the resulting wound profiles.

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“…Although human cadavers and live animals are occasionally used in ballistic testing there are considerable moral and ethical issues involved with both. Cadaveric pig tissue has been used frequently for both ballistic and medical research due to its similarities with human tissue and it has become an acceptable substitute for the human torso 9,[22][23][24][25] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary study into injuries due to non-perforating ballistic impacts into soft body armour over the spine

Jennings

Malbon

Brock

et al. 2018

Injury

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The UK Home Office test method for ballistic protective police body armours considers anterior torso impacts to be the worst-case scenario and tests rear armour panels to the same standards as front panels. The aim of this paper was to examine the injuries from spinal behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) impacts. This study used a cadaveric 65 kg, female pig barrel and 9 mm Luger ammunition (9 × 19 mm, FMJ Nammo Lapur Oy) into HG1/A + KR1 soft armour panels over the spine. Injuries were inspected and sections removed for x-radiography and micro-CT assessment. All shots over the spine resulted in deep soft tissue injuries from pencilling of the armour and the shirt worn under the armour. The wounds had embedded fabric debris which would require surgery to remove resulting in increased recovery time over injuries usually seen in anterior torso BABT impacts, which are typically haematoma and fractured ribs. The shot with the deepest soft tissue wound (41 mm) also resulted in a fractured spinous process. Shots were also fired at the posterior and anterior rib area of the pig barrel, for comparison to the spine. Similar wounds were seen on the shots to the posterior rib area while shallower, smaller wounds were seen on the anterior and one anterior rib shot resulted in a single, un-displaced rib fracture. The anatomical differences between pigs and humans would most likely mean that injury to a human from these impacts would be more serious.

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Pig Organ Energy Loss Comparison Experiments Using BBs

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

The use of gelatine in wound ballistics research

A preliminary study into injuries due to non-perforating ballistic impacts into soft body armour over the spine

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