Pigment Types of Various Color Genotypes of Horses

Sponenberg, D. Phillip; Itô, Shôsuke; Eng, Ludeman A.; Schwink, Kay

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1988.tb00144.x

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Melanocytes in black hair follicles contain the highest number of melanosomes, whereas fewer melanosomes are found in white hair bulbs 41 . The relationship of less melanin with the lighter hair phenotype has been identified in several species, including mice 28 , 42 , 43 , horses 44 , sheep 45 , alpacas 46 and humans 43 . In this study, these results provide strong evidence that there is a significant difference in the level of pigmentation and melanogenesis between black and white coat colours of mink skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Mink (Neovison vison) Skin Reveals the Key Genes Involved in the Melanogenesis of Black and White Coat Colour

Song

Liu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Farmed mink (Neovison vison) is one of the most important fur-bearing species worldwide, and coat colour is a crucial qualitative characteristic that contributes to the economic value of the fur. To identify additional genes that may play important roles in coat colour regulation, Illumina/Solexa high-throughput sequencing technology was used to catalogue the global gene expression profiles in mink skin with two different coat colours (black and white). RNA-seq analysis indicated that a total of 12,557 genes were differentially expressed in black versus white minks, with 3,530 genes up-regulated and 9,027 genes down-regulated in black minks. Significant differences were not observed in the expression of MC1R and TYR between the two different coat colours, and the expression of ASIP was not detected in the mink skin of either coat colour. The expression levels of KITLG, LEF1, DCT, TYRP1, PMEL, Myo5a, Rab27a and SLC7A11 were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with RNA-seq analysis. This study provides several candidate genes that may be associated with the development of two coat colours in mink skin. These results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying skin physiology and melanogenesis in mink and will provide a foundation for future studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Mink (Neovison vison) Skin Reveals the Key Genes Involved in the Melanogenesis of Black and White Coat Colour

Song

Liu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Melanocytes in black hair follicles contain the greatest number of melanosomes (which are eumelanosomes), while the melanosomes in brown hair bulbs are smaller and those in blonde hair are very poorly melanised. The relationship of less melanin with lighter skin/hair phenotype has been reported in several species, including humans [32], alpaca [17], llama [33] and horse [34]. In both domestic sheep and Soay sheep, light coat color is known to be due to a decrease in the ratio of eumelanin to pheomelanin, relative to black coat color [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin transcriptome profiles associated with coat color in sheep

et al. 2013

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BackgroundPrevious molecular genetic studies of physiology and pigmentation of sheep skin have focused primarily on a limited number of genes and proteins. To identify additional genes that may play important roles in coat color regulation, Illumina sequencing technology was used to catalog global gene expression profiles in skin of sheep with white versus black coat color.ResultsThere were 90,006 and 74,533 unigenes assembled from the reads obtained from white and black sheep skin, respectively. Genes encoding for the ribosomal proteins and keratin associated proteins were most highly expressed. A total of 2,235 known genes were differentially expressed in black versus white sheep skin, with 479 genes up-regulated and 1,756 genes down-regulated. A total of 845 novel genes were differentially expressed in black versus white sheep skin, consisting of 107 genes which were up-regulated (including 2 highly expressed genes exclusively expressed in black sheep skin) and 738 genes that were down-regulated. There was also a total of 49 known coat color genes expressed in sheep skin, from which 13 genes showed higher expression in black sheep skin. Many of these up-regulated genes, such as DCT, MATP, TYR and TYRP1, are members of the components of melanosomes and their precursor ontology category.ConclusionThe white and black sheep skin transcriptome profiles obtained provide a valuable resource for future research to understand the network of gene expression controlling skin physiology and melanogenesis in sheep.

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“…Sponenberg et al. (49) analyzed hair samples of various colors of horses for eumelanin and pheomelanin contents. The results indicate that hairs in phenotypically black areas of horses are eumelanic while red to yellow hairs are because of pheomelanic pigments of mixed type.…”

Section: Quantitative Analysis Of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin In Other mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin in Humans, Mice, and Other Animals: a Comparative Review

Ito

Wakamatsu

2003

Pigment Cell Research

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441

340

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The color of hair, skin, and eyes in animals mainly depends on the quantity, quality, and distribution of the pigment melanin, which occurs in two types: black to brown eumelanin and yellow to reddish pheomelanin. Microanalytical methods to quantify the amounts of eumelanin and pheomelanin in biological materials were developed in 1985. The methods are based on the chemical degradation of eumelanin to pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid and of pheomelanin to aminohydroxyphenylalanine isomers, which can be analyzed and quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography. This review summarizes and compares eumelanin and pheomelanin contents in various pigmented tissues obtained from humans, mice, and other animals. These methods have become valuable tools to study the functions of melanin, the control of melanogenesis, and the actions and interactions of pigmentation genes. The methods have also found applications in many clinical studies. High levels of pheomelanin are found only in yellow to red hairs of mammals and in red feathers of birds. It remains an intriguing question why lower vertebrates such as fishes do not synthesize pheomelanin. Detectable levels of pheomelanin are detected in human skin regardless of race, color, and skin type. However, eumelanin is always the major constituent of epidermal melanin, and the skin color appears to be determined by the quantity of melanin produced but not by the quality.

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Pigment Types of Various Color Genotypes of Horses

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Mink (Neovison vison) Skin Reveals the Key Genes Involved in the Melanogenesis of Black and White Coat Colour

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Mink (Neovison vison) Skin Reveals the Key Genes Involved in the Melanogenesis of Black and White Coat Colour

Skin transcriptome profiles associated with coat color in sheep

Quantitative Analysis of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin in Humans, Mice, and Other Animals: a Comparative Review

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