With an ever-increasing population and unpredictable
climate changes,
meeting energy demands and maintaining a sustainable environment on
Earth are two of the greatest challenges of the future. Biogas can
be a very significant renewable source of energy that can be used
worldwide. However, to make it usable, upgrading the gas by removing
the unwanted components is a very crucial step. CO
2
being
one of the major unwanted components and also being a major greenhouse
gas must be removed efficiently. Different methods such as physical
adsorption, cryogenic separation, membrane separation, and chemical
absorption have been discussed in detail in this review because of
their availability, economic value, and lower environmental footprint.
Three chemical absorption methods, including alkanolamines, alkali
solvents, and amino acid salt solutions, are discussed. Their primary
works with simple chemicals along with the latest works with more
complex chemicals and different mechanical processes, such as the
DECAB process, are discussed and compared. These discussions provide
valuable insights into how different processes vary and how one is
more advantageous or disadvantageous than the others. However, the
best method is yet to be found with further research. Overall, this
review emphasizes the need for biogas upgrading, and it discusses
different methods of carbon capture while doing that. Methods discussed
here can be a basic foundation for future research in carbon capture
and green chemistry. This review will enlighten the readers about
scientific and technological challenges regarding carbon dioxide minimization
in biogas technology.