Pine Sawyers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Attracted to α-Pinene, Monochamol, and Ipsenol in North America

Abstract

Detection tools are needed for Monochamus species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) because they are known to introduce pine wilt disease by vectoring nematodes in Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2012-2014, we examined the effects of the semiochemicals monochamol and ipsenol on the flight responses of the sawyer beetles Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), Monochamus clamator (LeConte), Monochamus mutator LeConte, Monochamus notatus (Drury), Monochamus obtusus Casey, Monochamus scutellatus (Say), and Monochamus titillator (F.) complex (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to traps baited with α-pinene. Experiments were set in pine forests in New Brunswick and Ontario (Canada), and Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, and Washington (United States). In brief, 40 traps were placed in 10 blocks of 4 traps per block per location. Traps were baited with: 1) α-pinene; 2) α-pinene + monochamol; 3) α-pinene + ipsenol; and 4) α-pinene + monochamol + ipsenol. Monochamol increased catches of six species and one species complex of Monochamus with an additive effect of ipsenol for five species and one species complex. There was no evidence of synergy between monochamol and ipsenol on beetle catches. Monochamol had no effect on catches of other Cerambycidae or on any associated species of bark beetles, weevils, or bark beetle predators. We present a robust data set suggesting that the combination of α-pinene, ipsenol, and monochamol may be a useful lure for detecting Monochamus species.

Monochamus species from different continents can be effectively detected with the same trapping protocol

“…Monochamol (2-undecyloxy-ethanol) is an aggregation pheromone produced by mature males of Monochamus species native to Asia, Europe, and North America, attractive to both sexes (Pajares et al 2010;Teale et al 2011;Allison et al 2012;Fierke et al 2012;Ryall et al 2014;Lee et al 2017b). Several studies have also confirmed the attractiveness of two pheromones of Ips De Geer species (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) (ipsenol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (methyl butenol)) (de Groot and Nott 2004;Pajares et al 2010), and their subsequent synergy with monochamol (Miller et al 2016;Kim et al 2016;Pajares et al 2017). Certain host volatiles are also known to indicate suitable hosts to woodborers of conifers, such as ethanol and α-pinene, and are therefore often incorporated into lure blends due to their synergistic activity with ipsenol and ipsdienol (Morewood et al 2002;de Groot and Nott 2004;Miller and Asaro 2005).…”

Selectivity and ligand-based molecular modeling of an odorant-binding protein from the leaf beetle Ambrostoma quadriimpressum (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in relation to habitat-related volatiles

“…Environmental molecules contain information that regulates a series of important insect behaviors, such as mating 1 , 2 , oviposition 3 , foraging 4 , 5 and host-seeking 6 , 7 . Insects have evolved a highly acute and sensitive olfactory system that can selectively detect environmental molecules.…”

Incidence ofMonochamus(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species in Nova Scotia, Canada Christmas tree plantations and comparison of panel traps and lures from North America and Europe

“…2015, 2016; Miller et al . 2016) found that attraction to monochamol was enhanced or synergised by the addition of kairomones. This research has led to multi-component, commercially available lures that differ somewhat between Europe and North America.…”

“…Lures developed in North America to capture Monochamus and other cerambycids have been modelled after bark beetle lures, using host volatiles commonly associated with stressed or dying conifers, such as α-pinene and ethanol (Chénier and Philogène 1989;Allison et al , 2003Pajares et al 2004;Sweeney et al 2004Sweeney et al , 2006Hanks et al 2012) and pheromones from bark beetles, i.e., ipsenol (Allison et al , 2011de Groot and Nott 2004;Pajares et al 2004;Ibeas et al 2007). 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol, also known as monochamol, is a male-produced aggregation pheromone first discovered in Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Pajares et al 2010) and as found to be produced by, and attractive to, (Ryall et al 2015); most of these studies as well as others (Álvarez et al 2015, 2016Miller et al 2016) found that attraction to monochamol was enhanced or synergised by the addition of kairomones. This research has led to multi-component, commercially available lures that differ somewhat between Europe and North America.…”