Pitch planning in English and Taiwanese Mandarin: Evidence from startle-elicited responses

Chiu, Chenhao; Gick, Bryan

doi:10.1121/1.4896405

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2014

DOI: 10.1121/1.4896405

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Pitch planning in English and Taiwanese Mandarin: Evidence from startle-elicited responses

Chenhao Chiu

Bryan Gick

Abstract: Startling auditory stimulus (SAS) can trigger rapid release of pre-planned movement sequences and can effect a physiological perturbation of pitch level. An SAS-based paradigm was used to investigate planning of pitch profiles in English and Taiwanese Mandarin. Results show that startle-elicited pitch level is elevated, whereas pitch contours are preserved. These results support the view that pitch contours are pre-specified in speech plans, while absolute pitch level is not.

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Cited by 6 publications

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“…These results support the view that prepared syllables encode sufficient kinematic and acoustic information as part of the forward plan, and that this information may be subject to rapid release by a SAS. Extending this paradigm to pitch control in speech, Chiu and Gick ( in press ) show that a SAS induces an elevated pitch level in prepared syllables. Speakers show no evidence of an attempt to correct this elevated pitch to a baseline level even though auditory and somatosensory feedback is likely available before the end of the response.…”

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confidence: 99%

Startling speech: eliciting prepared speech using startling auditory stimulus

Chiu¹,

Gick²

2014

Front. Psychol.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Startling speech: eliciting prepared speech using startling auditory stimulus

Chiu¹,

Gick²

2014

Front. Psychol.

Self Cite

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Impact of Startling Acoustic Stimuli on Word Repetition in Individuals With Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Following Stroke

Swann

Daliri

Honeycutt

2022

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Purpose: The StartReact effect, whereby movements are elicited by loud, startling acoustic stimuli (SAS), allows the evaluation of movements when initiated through involuntary circuitry, before auditory feedback. When StartReact is applied during poststroke upper extremity movements, individuals exhibit increased muscle recruitment, reaction times, and reaching distances. StartReact releases unimpaired speech with similar increases in muscle recruitment and reaction time. However, as poststroke communication disorders have divergent neural circuitry from upper extremity tasks, it is unclear if StartReact will enhance speech poststroke. Our objective is to determine if (a) StartReact is present in individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia and (b) SAS exposure enhances speech intelligibility. Method: We remotely delivered startling, 105-dB white noise bursts (SAS) and quiet, non-SAS cues to 15 individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia during repetition of six words. We evaluated average word intensity, pitch, pitch trajectories, vowel formants F1 and F2 (first and second formants), phonemic error rate, and percent incidence of each SAS versus non–SAS-elicited phoneme produced under each cue type. Results: For SAS trials compared to non-SAS, speech intensity increased (∆ + 0.6 dB), speech pitch increased (∆ + 22.7 Hz), and formants (F1 and F2) changed, resulting in a smaller vowel space after SAS. SAS affected pitch trajectories for some, but not all, words. Non-SAS trials had more stops (∆ + 4.7 utterances) while SAS trials had more sustained phonemes (fricatives, glides, affricates, liquids; ∆ + 5.4 utterances). SAS trials had fewer distortion errors but no change in substitution errors or overall error rate compared to non-SAS trials. Conclusions: We show that stroke-impaired speech is susceptible to StartReact, evidenced by decreased intelligibility due to altered formants, pitch trajectories, and articulation, including increased incidence of sounds that could not be produced without SAS. Future studies should examine the impact of SAS on voluntary speech intelligibility and clinical measures of aphasia and apraxia.

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Word Repetition Paired With Startling Stimuli Decreases Aphasia and Apraxia Severity in Severe-to-Moderate Stroke: A Stratified, Single-Blind, Randomized, Phase 1 Clinical Trial

Swann,

Tesman,

Rogalsky

et al. 2023

Am J Speech Lang Pathol

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Purpose: This prospective, single-blinded, parallel, stratified, randomized clinical trial via telehealth aimed to investigate the impact of Startle Adjuvant Rehabilitation Therapy (START) on aphasia, apraxia of speech (AOS), and quality of life in individuals with chronic stroke. The study hypothesized that START would have a greater effect on AOS-related measures and more severe individuals. Method: Forty-two participants with poststroke aphasia, AOS, or both were randomly assigned to the START or control group. Both groups received 77-dB GET READY and GO cues during a word repetition task for three 1-hr sessions on consecutive days. The START group additionally received 105-dB white noise GO cues during one third of trials. The Western Aphasia Battery–Revised, Apraxia Battery for Adults, Stroke Impact Scale, and Communication Outcomes After Stroke scale were administered at Day 1, Day 5, and 1-month follow-up. Results: START improved performance on some subtests of the Western Aphasia Battery (Comprehension, Repetition, Reading) and measures of AOS (Diadochokinetic Rate, Increasing Word Length) in individuals with moderate/severe aphasia, whereas moderate/severe controls saw no changes. Individuals with mild aphasia receiving START had improved Reading, whereas mild controls saw improved Comprehension. The START group had increased mood and perceived communication recovery by Day 5, whereas controls saw no changes in quality of life. Conclusions: This study is the first to evaluate the impact of training with startling acoustic stimuli on clinical measures of aphasia and AOS. Our findings suggest START can enhance both nontrained speech production and receptive speech tasks in moderate/severe aphasia, possibly by reducing poststroke cortical inhibition. Our findings should be considered carefully, as our limitations include small effect sizes, within-group variability, and low completion rates for quality-of-life assessments and follow-up visits. Future studies should explore a mechanism of action, conduct larger and longer Phase 2 clinical trials, and evaluate long-term retention. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24093519

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Pitch planning in English and Taiwanese Mandarin: Evidence from startle-elicited responses

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

Startling speech: eliciting prepared speech using startling auditory stimulus

Startling speech: eliciting prepared speech using startling auditory stimulus

Impact of Startling Acoustic Stimuli on Word Repetition in Individuals With Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Following Stroke

Word Repetition Paired With Startling Stimuli Decreases Aphasia and Apraxia Severity in Severe-to-Moderate Stroke: A Stratified, Single-Blind, Randomized, Phase 1 Clinical Trial

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