Pitfalls in HIV testing

Cordes, Robert; Ryan, Michael E.

doi:10.1080/00325481.1995.11946078

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…False positives may result from numerous causes, including the inherent characteristics of the assay, or may be because of the genetic diversity of the virus. 4 The percentage of false positivity reported in this study was 0.6%, which is similar to that reported in other studies, 3 , 9 but is lower than the 2% reported in Cameroon. 10 As part of Nigeria’s global AIDS response progress report in 2012, 11.7% of the population of 162 265 000 had received an HIV test within the last 12 months and knew their HIV status.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…As with all screening assays, HIV rapid test screening has a certain degree of false-positive results, irrespective of the algorithm in use. 4 For this reason, a confirmatory test is necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Evaluations of HIV rapid testing strategies have been reported in some African countries where the results have been used to formulate alternative HIV testing strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential for false-positive HIV test results using rapid HIV testing algorithms

et al. 2015

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Background: In order to scale up access to HIV counselling and testing in Nigeria, an HIV diagnostic algorithm based on rapid testing was adopted. However, there was the need to further evaluate the testing strategy in order to better assess its performance, because of the potential for false positivity.Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare positive HIV test results obtained from the approved rapid testing algorithm with results from western blot tests performed on samples from the same patient.Methodology: A retrospective review was conducted of HIV screening and confirmatory results for patients seen between 2007 and 2008. Rapid test and western blot results were extracted and compared for concordance. Discordant results were further reviewed using a combination of HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4+ cell count test results and clinical presentation from medical records.Results: Analysis of 2228 western blot results showed that 98.3% (n = 2191) were positive for HIV-1, 0.4% (n = 8) were positive for HIV-2 and 0.3% (n = 7) were dual infections (positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2); 0.6% (n = 13) were indeterminate and 0.4% (n = 9) were negative. Further investigation of the 13 indeterminate results showed nine to be HIV-1 positive and four to be HIV-negative, for a total of 13 negative results. The positive predictive value of the HIV counselling and testing algorithm was 99.4%.Conclusion: Using the rapid testing algorithm alone, false positives were detected. Therefore, effective measures such as training and retraining of staff should be prioritised in order to minimise false-positive diagnoses and the associated potential for long-term psychological and financial impact on the patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential for false-positive HIV test results using rapid HIV testing algorithms

et al. 2015

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“…This technique suffers from several limitations such as uncertainty of multiple epitopes or the risks of false positive results by the cross-reactivity in antigen− antibody recognition. 22,23 Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotide sequences screened for high binding affinity and selectivity for specific analytes, being analogous to "chemically-synthesized antibodies". 24−28 The aptamer sequence (sgc8) specific to PTK 7 protein has been proposed to be hybridized to a G-quadruplex-forming sequence, allowing for fast and sensitive signal-on detection of this protein biomarker using a luminescent iridium(III) complex.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flow cytometry is a high-throughput technique, but it requires a large number (10 5 to 10 6 ) of cell samples for statistically meaningful segmentation of the cell subpopulations. , ELISA is a widely used immunoassay which typically involves horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme activity for signal amplification. This technique suffers from several limitations such as uncertainty of multiple epitopes or the risks of false positive results by the cross-reactivity in antigen–antibody recognition. , Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotide sequences screened for high binding affinity and selectivity for specific analytes, being analogous to “chemically-synthesized antibodies”. − The aptamer sequence (sgc8) specific to PTK 7 protein has been proposed to be hybridized to a G-quadruplex-forming sequence, allowing for fast and sensitive signal-on detection of this protein biomarker using a luminescent iridium(III) complex . A metal–organic-framework-enhanced aptasensor has further been developed for electrochemical detection of PTK7 with the range of pg mL –1 as the limit of detection (LOD) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aptamer Conformation-Cooperated Enzyme-Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Enabling Ultrasensitive Detection of Cell Surface Protein Biomarkers in Blood Samples

Fang

Miao

et al. 2019

ACS Sens.

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Developing novel strategies for sensitive and specific detection of protein biomarkers is a field of active research. Here, we report an ultrasensitive biosensor to detect protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK7), an important protein biomarker on the cell surface, by aptamer conformation-cooperated enzyme-assisted surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (ACCESS) technology. Our approach features a synergistic combination of the conformational alteration of the anglerfish aptamer triggered by the recognition of the membrane protein (PTK7) and Exo III enzyme-assisted nucleic acid amplification. It transduces the specific binding events between the aptamer and PTK7 protein into dramatically improved SERS signals. Sensitive and specific detection of PTK7 protein has been demonstrated both in the solution and directly on the surface of live CCRF-CEM cells, with a limit of detection better than the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method by nearly 5 orders of magnitude. As a flexible, ultrasensitive, and specific approach, ACCESS promises important applications in clinical diagnostics, where only a very limited amount of the biological sample is available.

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Serodiagnosis of HIV Infection

Guèye-Ndiaye¹

AIDS in Africa

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Pitfalls in HIV testing

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Potential for false-positive HIV test results using rapid HIV testing algorithms

Potential for false-positive HIV test results using rapid HIV testing algorithms

Aptamer Conformation-Cooperated Enzyme-Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Enabling Ultrasensitive Detection of Cell Surface Protein Biomarkers in Blood Samples

Serodiagnosis of HIV Infection

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