PIXE Simulation With Geant4

Electromagnetic data libraries: recent evolutions and new perspectives

“…The original validation process applied in several tests (e.g. [28], [29], [30], [31], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [25], [50] [51]) has gone into various refinements since its first development described in [50]. It consists of a two-stage process: the first stage encompasses goodness of fit testing, while the second deals with the analysis of categorical data derived from the outcome of the first stage.…”

PIXE simulation: Models, methods and technologies

“…Other features relevant to the problem domain, such as the calculation of ion energy loss in matter, straggling and nuclear interactions, photon interactions with matter, are documented in [3] [5]. Further details about Geant4 tools for PIXE simulation can be found in [20].…”

“…Alternative implementations of inner shell ionization cross sections based on the EPCSSR theory and on Paul and Sacher [26], Paul and Bolik [27], and Orlic et al [30] empirical models are also available in Geant4: they were affected by various flaws in their original version [40], while a following amended version [41] profits from the critical analysis of the flaws documented in [20], although it is still affected by systematic effects documented in a following section of this paper.…”

“…In this scheme of charged particle transport, the fluorescence yield resulting from ionization depends on the value chosen by the user as a threshold for producing secondary electrons. This issue is extensively discussed in [20].…”

Validation of Proton Ionization Cross Section Generators for Monte Carlo Particle Transport

“…In the data driven approach to PIXE simulation described in [14], the cross sections calculated by analytical generators are tabulated at predefined energies and used in Monte Carlo simulation to compute cross sections corresponding to the energy of a given particle being tracked through matter. A test was performed to verify if the interpolation process performed in Geant4 would significantly affect the accuracy of the theoretical cross sections.…”