Planar relationships of the semicircular canals in rhesus and squirrel monkeys

Blanks, Robert H. I.; Curthoys, Ian S.; Bennett, Michael L.; Markham, Charles H.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90928-x

Cited by 97 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The radius of curvature averaged across all three canals in the mouse was found to be 0.859 mm, comparable to the 0.94 mm reported by Jones and Spells (1963) for the jerboa mouse, a rodent in the related family Dipodidae. The radius of curvature of the anterior canals in both strains of mice was larger than the radii of the horizontal and posterior canals, a relationship that has been reported in other species including cat (Blanks et al 1972), guinea pig (Curthoys et al 1975), human (Blanks et al 1975aSpoor and Zonneveld 1998), rhesus and squirrel monkey (Blanks et al 1985), and bird (Landolt and Correia 1980;Dickman 1996;Dickman and Fang 1996). The mouse canals are close to planar, with a maximum angle of divergence from the canal plane ranging from 3.8-to 12.6-.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…The mouse canals are close to planar, with a maximum angle of divergence from the canal plane ranging from 3.8-to 12.6-. This is approximately the same value determined for rhesus and squirrel monkeys, although these species appeared to have a more nonplanar anterior canal (Blanks et al 1985) and less than that reported for toadfish (Ghanem et al 1998) andpigeon (Landolt et al 1975;Dickman 1996). Current limitations in imaging technology prevented an assessment of the minor radius and cross-sectional areas of the canals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…The angles between the canal plane and the vector connecting the canal's center to each digitized centroid were also calculated. The maximum angles above and below the plane were summed to create a measure of the relative planarity of the canal, as previously described (Blanks et al 1985). Vectors representing each canal's orientation were determined by calculating a unit vector normal to each canal plane, with the polarity of the vector corresponding to the excitatory direction of rotation of the canal via the right-hand rule.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A stereotaxic needle held in a micromanipulator has been used to determine the planar geometry of the semicircular canals in several species, including rhesus and squirrel monkey (Blanks et al 1985;Haque et al 2003), turtle (Brichta et al 1988), rabbit (Ezure and Graf 1984;Mazza and Winterson 1984), guinea pig (Curthoys et al 1975), rat (Blanks and Torigoe 1989), and man (Blanks et al 1975a). This technique, however, is unlikely to be practical or accurate for an animal as small as the mouse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Planar Relationships of the Semicircular Canals in Two Strains of Mice

Calabrese

Hullar

2006

JARO

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The mouse is increasingly important as a subject of vestibular research. Although many studies have focused on the vestibular responses of mice to angular rotation, the geometry of their semicircular canals has not been described. High-voltage X-ray computed tomography was used to measure the anatomy of the semicircular canals of two strains of mice, C57Bl/6J and CBA/CaJ. The horizontal plane of a stereotaxic coordinate system was defined by the midpoints of the external auditory meati and the point where the incisors emerge from the maxilla. The centroids of the lumens of the bony canals were calculated, and planes that describe the canals were fit using a least-squares regression analysis to the resulting points. Vectors normal to each regressed plane were used to represent the corresponding canal's axis of rotation, and angles of these vectors relative to skull landmarks as well as to each other were calculated. The horizontal canal of the mouse was found to be angled anteriorly upward 17.8-for CBA/CaJ and 32.6-for C57Bl/6J from the reference horizontal plane. Angles between ipsilateral canals deviated up to 12.3-from orthogonal, and angles between contralateral synergistic canals (left anterior-right posterior, right anterior-left posterior, and horizontal-horizontal) deviated from parallel by up to 14.8-. The orientations of the canals within the head as well as the orientations of the canals relative to each other were significantly different between the two strains, suggesting that care must be taken in the design and interpretation of developmental and physiologic studies involving different mouse strains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Planar Relationships of the Semicircular Canals in Two Strains of Mice

Calabrese

Hullar

2006

JARO

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“…The plane of the horizontal semicircular canal tilts upward by 18-22 deg from the stereotaxic horizontal plane for both the squirrel and rhesus monkeys. Taking these values into account, a nose-down tilt of 15 deg is recommended for the most effective horizontal canal stimulation [27]. Morphological measurements of each angle were similarly made among the anterior, posterior, and horizontal semicircular canals.…”

Section: Anatomy Of Vestibular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Squirrel Monkeys and Space Motion Sickness

Matsunami¹

2002

Jpn.J.Physiol

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Comparative review of the human bony labyrinth

Spoor¹,

Zonneveld²

1998

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

186

151

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The bony labyrinth inside the petrous part of the temporal bone houses the organs of hearing and balance. Being functionally linked with sensory control of body movements and located in a part of the basicranium that is closely associated with the brain, this structure is of great interest in the study of human evolutionary history. However, few aspects of its morphology have been studied in nonhuman primates. This review compares the bony labyrinth of humans with that of the great apes and 37 other primate species based on data newly acquired with computed tomography combined with previous descriptions. With body mass taken into account, consistent differences are found between the size of the semicircular canals in humans, the great apes, and other primates. In particular, the arcs of the anterior and posterior canals are larger in humans than in the African apes. The functional implications of semicircular canal dimensions for registering angular head motion are evaluated in relation to locomotor behavior. Biophysical models, comparative studies, and some neurophysiological experiments all support a link between semicircular canal size and agility, or more specifically the frequency contents of natural head movements, but the evidence on the exact nature of this link is ambiguous. It is concluded that any link between the characteristic dimensions of the human canals and locomotion will be more complex than a simple association with the broad categories of quadrupedal vs. bipedal behavior. The functionally important planar orientations of the semicircular canals are similar in humans and the African apes as well as in many other species. In contrast, other aspects of the human labyrinth differ markedly in shape, following a pattern that seems to reflect the characteristic architecture of the human basicranium. Indeed, it is found that labyrinthine and basicranial shape are interspecifically correlated in the sample, and in most respects the human morphology is consistent with the general trend among primate species. Differences in brain growth and development are proposed as the predominant factor underlying both the unique shape of the human labyrinth as well as the interspecific labyrintho-basicranial correlations.

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Planar relationships of the semicircular canals in rhesus and squirrel monkeys

Cited by 97 publications

References 14 publications

Planar Relationships of the Semicircular Canals in Two Strains of Mice

Planar Relationships of the Semicircular Canals in Two Strains of Mice

Squirrel Monkeys and Space Motion Sickness

Comparative review of the human bony labyrinth

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