Planning Low-Carbon Campus Energy Hubs

Abstract

Multi-energy systems can provide a constant level of service to end-use energy demands, while deriving delivered energy from a variety of primary/secondary energy sources. This fuel-switching capability can be used to reduce operating expenses, reduce environmental impacts, improve flexibility to accommodate renewable energy, and improve reliability.This paper presents four frameworks for incentivizing energy hub equipment investments for low-carbon operation targets. These frameworks vary in the measures taken to achieve lowcarbon operation (explicit constraint vs. carbon pricing) and in the relationship between the hub builder and operator (cooperative vs. uncoordinated). The underlying energy hub model upon which these frameworks are built is an enhanced greenfield model, introducing 'energy buses' to reduce dimensionality.A case study is conducted for a campus being designed in Beijing, and results from each framework are compared to illustrate their relative costs. When the operator cannot be trusted to cooperate in controlling emissions, the system must be 'overbuilt' with more expensive equipment to ensure emissions target are met. A taxation-based approach increases overall costs at moderate emissions targets, but this effect decreases at aggressive targets. This paper also compares the cost of less efficient institutional frameworks with the most efficient approach, i.e. cooperation between builder and operator with constraints on emissions.

Enabling demand response for optimal deployment of multi‐carrier microgrids incorporating incentives

“…Likewise, the thermal demand balance constraint of the system is represented by (15), where the produced thermal energy by DERs plus the curtailed thermal demand is greater than or equal to the thermal demand. The total natural gas consumption dedicated to the combined heat and power (CHP) and gas boiler units is declared as (16). The available hydrogen to be consumed by the fuel cell (FC) can be provided by the reactor-reformer system, hydrogen storage system (HSS), and electrolyser unit, as demonstrated in (17).…”

“…Empirical MCMG planning incorporating carbon‐emission cut targets is developed to prepare a general guideline for expanding low‐carbon districts with high penetration of renewable energy resources (RERs) [15]. A framework is presented to deploy low‐carbon multi‐energy districts by incentivizing renewable investment [16]. Ref.…”

Arranging university semester date to minimize annual CO2 emission: A UK university case study

“…Hurwitz et al (Hurwitz et al, 2020) iScience Article Vermont's campus to demonstrate that the traditional hub models can significantly undersize energy storage, as compared with the more accurate piece-wise linear energy hub formulation. In addition, Olsen et al (Olsen et al, 2018) extends the analysis of low-carbon energy hub design with two strategic scenarios: the first scenario makes investment decisions while accounting for a hub operator that may ignore emissionsreduction goals; the second scenario determines carbon prices to induce lower-emission investment and operating decisions. The energy hub model concept has been widely adopted worldwide to analyze various applied research questions in the context of energy system integration.…”

Research on the low-carbon dispatching method of a distribution system based on carbon emission flow theory

“…In [2], carbon liability is divided by changing carbon emission property rights, considering the allocation of carbon emissions. In [3][4][5][6], the carbon economy optimization is optimized, the low-carbon economy is taken as the target, and the carbon electricity market and cost operation are optimized, which provides references for the carbon electricity market to cooperate with low-carbon operation. References [7][8] optimize the impact of new energy quotas on the carbon with energy marketplace, change the cost of electricity use and carbon emissions benefits, and incentive the loaded subject to participate in the regulation response.…”