Plant essential oils suspended into hydrogel: Development of an easy-to-use protocol for the restoration of stone cultural heritage

Ranaldi, Roberta; Rugnini, Lorenza; Gabriele, Francesco; Spreti, Nicoletta; Casieri, C.; Marco, Gabriele Di; Gismondi, Angelo; Bruno, Laura

doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2022.105436

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These unequivocal results prove the possibility of using encapsulated EOs for the disinfection of various surfaces. There are few studies on the role of nanoencapsulated EOs for preventing the biodegradation of wood [ 33 , 34 ] and stone [ 2 , 35 ]. The effect of reducing bacterial or fungal biofilms on the surface of different materials by EOs has been successfully demonstrated in several studies [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection and Disinfection Activities of Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils Encapsulated in Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanocapsules

et al. 2023

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The biocolonization of building materials by microorganisms is one of the main causes of their degradation. Fungi and bacteria products can have an undesirable impact on human health. The protection and disinfection of sandstone and wood materials are of great interest. In this study, we evaluated the protection and disinfection activity of oregano and thyme essential oils encapsulated in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules (Or-NCs, Th-NCs) against four types of environmental microorganisms: Pleurotus eryngii, Purpureocillium lilacinum (fungal strains), Pseudomonas vancouverensis, and Flavobacterium sp. (bacterial strains). The surfaces of sandstone and whitewood samples were inoculated with these microorganisms before or after applying Or-NCs and Th-NCs. The concentration-dependent effect of Or-NCs and Th-NCs on biofilm viability was determined by the MTT reduction assay. The results showed that Or-NCs and Th-NCs possess effective disinfection and anti-biofilm activity. Diffuse reflectivity measurements revealed no visible color changes of the materials after the application of the nanoencapsulated essential oils.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection and Disinfection Activities of Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils Encapsulated in Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanocapsules

et al. 2023

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“…The techniques available include chemical methods, namely traditional biocides, solvent gels and nanoparticles [9,10]; physical methods, such as mechanical removal, UV irradiation [11], LED illumination systems with various emissions [12], gamma radiation, laser cleaning, heat shocking, microwaves [13,14], and dry ice treatment; and biological methods, such as natural molecules (e.g. essential oils) with biocidal activity [15], enzymes, and microorganisms. With such a wide choice of solutions, traditional biocidal and chemical products, paired with mechanical cleaning, are still the most effective in the long run.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic testing, verification and validation of laser treatments for unglazed earthenware affected by lichens and fungi biodeterioration

Ciofini,

Mazzotti,

Rondelli

et al. 2024

J. Phys. Photonics

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring environmentally friendly and healthy alternatives to conventional solvent cleaning and biocides in the conservation of stone artworks. Here, we focus on the potential of laser-based photonic methods for treating biodeteriorated earthenware artefacts. The investigation was conducted on Roman dolia (jars) of the International Museum of Ceramics (MIC), Faenza, Italy. Three removal methods were tested and compared: i) brushing using a soft-bristled electric brush and water, referred to as brush cleaning; ii) a combination of brushing and laser ablation; and iii) biocide and brushing. Four laser systems with different wavelengths and optimized pulse durations in nanosecond or microsecond regimes were used in the tests. Systematic irradiation tests were conducted to determine the damage thresholds and define safe laser irradiation levels. The characterizations of the surfaces under treatment were carried out pre- and post-laser irradiation using optical microscopy, 3D photogrammetry, and Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated Chlorophyll-Fluorometry (CF-PAM). Furthermore, spectroscopic methods based on FTIR, Raman, and LIBS techniques were used to assess the effectiveness of the removal process and the composition of uncovered surfaces.Results have indicated that gentle brushing and water is the most effective approach for safely removing around 60% of the bio-colonization weakly anchored to the substrate over the area under treatment. This comprised viable species, whereas the remaining 40% of the area included endolithic species, mostly thalli of Verrucaria nigrescens and rock-dwelling fungi. The eradication of the latter was the real conservation concern requiring attention. Following the experimentation, the optimal method for safely uncovering the earthenware surface was a combination of water-assisted brushing and 1064 nm laser irradiation as a finishing treatment. 

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“…For this reason, and because direct application of any conservation product is never recommended [22], a vehiculation system is required. Particularly suitable in this sense are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogels, both for their "green" composition [23,24] and for the efficacy showed in the encapsulation of essential oils from different species (i.e., T. vulgaris, L. angustifolia, O. vulgare and C. nepeta) to be applied on biodeteriorated materials [25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Cleaning Effect of Natural-Based Biocides: Application on Different Phototropic Biofilms Colonizing the Same Granite Wall

et al. 2023

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Natural derivatives, such as essential oils, are presented as an alternative to classical biocides to the treatment of biocolonization. Thus, in this work, the cleaning and biocidal potential of some natural derivatives towards two natural biofilms’ growth on the same granite wall, with different microbial composition, was evaluated. For this purpose, three essential oils (EOs) (from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Calamintha nepeta) and their main active principles (APs) (carvacrol, thymol and R-(+)-pulegone, respectively) were embedded in a hydrogel matrix, with different combinations of EOs and APs, in order to evaluate the synergistic action of different actives. For comparative purposes, pure hydrogel and a mechanical method (brushing) were also used. Colorimetric measurements and chlorophyll a fluorescence analyses were performed to evaluate the cleaning action of the treatments on the biofilms. Overall, the EOs and APs present in the hydrogel proved to be reliable treatments to limit natural biocolonization, with O. vulgare being one of the most effective treatments in combination with other compounds, due to the majority presence of carvacrol. Moreover, the effect of the different treatments strictly depended on the biofilm in question, as well as its ability to adhere to the substrate.

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Plant essential oils suspended into hydrogel: Development of an easy-to-use protocol for the restoration of stone cultural heritage

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Protection and Disinfection Activities of Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils Encapsulated in Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanocapsules

Protection and Disinfection Activities of Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils Encapsulated in Poly(ε-caprolactone) Nanocapsules

Systematic testing, verification and validation of laser treatments for unglazed earthenware affected by lichens and fungi biodeterioration

Evaluation of the Cleaning Effect of Natural-Based Biocides: Application on Different Phototropic Biofilms Colonizing the Same Granite Wall

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