Plant Responses to Salt Stress: Adaptive Mechanisms

Abstract

This review deals with the adaptive mechanisms that plants can implement to cope with the challenge of salt stress. Plants tolerant to NaCl implement a series of adaptations to acclimate to salinity, including morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. These changes include increases in the root/canopy ratio and in the chlorophyll content in addition to changes in the leaf anatomy that ultimately lead to preventing leaf ion toxicity, thus maintaining the water status in order to limit water loss and protect the photosynthesis process. Furthermore, we deal with the effect of salt stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence and some of the mechanisms thought to protect the photosynthetic machinery, including the xanthophyll cycle, photorespiration pathway, and water-water cycle. Finally, we also provide an updated discussion on salt-induced oxidative stress at the subcellular level and its effect on the antioxidant machinery in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants. The aim is to extend our understanding of how salinity may affect the physiological characteristics of plants.

The apoplastic antioxidant system and altered cell wall dynamics influence mesophyll conductance and the rate of photosynthesis

“…The results obtained from the three independent methodologies that we present here suggest that dynamic changes in apoplastic metabolism and CW composition could lead alterations in g m and thereby A N in response to abiotic stresses. Drought and salt stress have already been documented to trigger important alterations within the photosynthetic process and to induce oxidative stress which can lead to biochemical imbalances resulting in the reduction of plant growth and productivity (Flexas et al ., ; Chaves et al ., ; Acosta‐Motos et al ., ). Stomatal closure and decreased g m are also recognized as the primary effect of drought and salt stress on carbon assimilation (Flexas et al ., ).…”

Salt and oxidative stresses uniquely regulate tomato cytokinin levels and transcriptomic response

“…Abiotic stress results in billions of dollars of crop losses every year, including in the important crop plant tomato (Acosta‐Motos et al., ; Pineda et al., ; Qin, Shinozaki, & Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki, ). Tomato growth and production is highly dependent on healthy functioning and photosynthesizing plants that are resistant to or tolerant of abiotic environmental stresses.…”

Perubahan morfologis dan anatomis kelapa sawit pada rezim air dan salinitas berbeda

“…Beberapa efek negatif dari salinitas antara lain penurunan pertumbuhan (Batool et al, 2014;Machado & Serralheiro, 2017;Hanin et al, 2016), menekan perluasan daun yang kemudian akan menurunkan laju fotosintesis dan produksi biomassa tanaman (Magdy & Mansour, 2016). Tumbuhan yang toleran terhadap kadar NaCl menerapkan serangkaian adaptasi untuk menyesuaikan diri terhadap salinitas tinggi, termasuk perubahan morfologis, fisiologis dan biokimia (Acosta-Motos et al, 2017). Efek berbahaya dari salinitas dapat bervariasi tergantung pada kondisi iklim, intensitas cahaya, spesies tanaman ataupun kondisi tanah (Tang et al, 2015).…”