Plant Sterol and Policosanol Characterization of Hexane Extracts from Grain Sorghum, Corn and their DDGS

Abstract

Plant sterols (PS) and policosanols (PC) have been attributed with plasma cholesterol-lowering properties in humans. Hexane extracts from grain sorghum, corn and their distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), an important co-product of ethanol production, contain these health promoting compounds, which could be used to develop health promoting dietary products. However, limited information is currently available regarding optimal methods of extraction and their influence on plant sterol or PC levels and compositions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify lipids, particularly PS and PC extracted from grain sorghum and its DDGS using reflux and Soxtec methods. Corn and its DDGS were also extracted to compare lipid yields and PS/PC compositional profiles in these two related cereals. Intact grains were extracted either as whole or ground kernels. Lipid yields from all the corn sources were typically greater than those obtained from grain sorghum. Lipid yields from DDGS were the highest among all the forms of the grains used whereas corn/sorghum DDGS contained the highest levels of PS and PC, respectively. Additional study demonstrated that hydrolysis (acidic and alkaline) of ground sorghum or sorghum DDGS increased the levels of total extractable plant sterols. Overall, the Soxtec method extracted higher amounts of lipids than the reflux method.

Extraction of omega-3-rich oil from Camelina sativa seed using supercritical carbon dioxide

“…Phytosterol content of the Camelina seed oil was determined by GC [13]. One mL of internal standard (5␣-cholestane, 100 g/mL in chloroform) and 20 mg of Camelina oil was saponified by mixing with 1 mL of 1 M methanolic NaOH and heating at 50 • C for 1 h with occasional agitation.…”

“…Ratio of n-6 to n-3 was 0.6 in all extracted oil samples. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 in the western diet is high (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) and it should be decreased, because high n-6 to n-3 ratios in the diet lowers the synthesis of linolenic eicosanoids, and therefore may stimulate inflammation [21]. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for maintaining human health, and the health benefits of ALA has been attributed to decreased n-6 to n-3 ratio.…”

Policosanol variation in olive oil as a result of variety, ripening, and storage

“…As well, Orozco-Solano et al [40] stated that policosanols are always present in higher amounts in oils obtained from the second in relation to the first, cold press. When compared to other sources, the total policosanol concentration in Bu za, Crna, and Rosinjola oils ( Table 3) was approximately at the same level as that found in whole and ground kernel corn and sorghum lipids: up to 12 mg/100 g [41,42], wheat straw: 16 mg/100 g, sugar cane leaves: 18 mg/100 g [3], and rice bran oil: 17 mg/100 g [2]. It was higher than that in wheat bran: 3 mg/100 g, wheat germs: 1 mg/100 g, wheat shorts: 0.3 mg/100 g, and wheat flour: 0.02 mg/100 g [3], and lower than in sugar cane peel: 27 mg/ 100 g [3], perilla seed oil: 43 mg/100 g, grape seed oil: 24 mg/ 100 g [2], peanut oil: up to 54 mg/100 g [1], and sunflower oil: up to 81.46 mg/100 g [43].…”

Production of Fatty‐Acid Methyl Esters Via the In Situ Transesterification of Grain Sorghum Bran and Sorghum Distiller's Dried Grains and Solubles

“…As it relates to oil available for IST, the unfermented sorghum kernel contains approximately 3% oil, mostly in its germ. However, the oil percentage increases to approximately 10% in DDGS as the carbohydrate content within the endosperm is removed during fermentation (Leguizamón, Weller, Schlegel, & Carr, ). Sorghum grains are composed of approximately 72% carbohydrates and fibers (Wu et al, ).…”