Plant sterols–enriched diet decreases small, dense LDL-cholesterol levels in children with hypercholesterolemia: a prospective study

Garoufi, Anastasia; Vorre, Styliani; Soldatou, Alexandra; Tsentidis, Charalampos; Kossiva, Lydia; Drakatos, Antonios; Marmarinos, Antonios; Gourgiotis, Dimitrios

doi:10.1186/1824-7288-40-42

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In some studies, phytosterols and phytostanols have modestly reduced serum triglyceride levels especially in those subjects with slightly increased baseline concentrations [ 23 , 24 ]. Lipoprotein (a) concentration remains unchanged [ 9 , 25 ], and phytostanols do not affect serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 concentration [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosterols, Phytostanols, and Lipoprotein Metabolism

2015

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The efficacy of phytosterols and phytostanols added to foods and food supplements to obtain significant non-pharmacologic serum and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction is well documented. Irrespective of age, gender, ethnic background, body weight, background diet, or the cause of hypercholesterolemia and, even added to statin treatment, phytosterols and phytostanols at 2 g/day significantly lower LDL cholesterol concentration by 8%–10%. They do not affect the concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a) or serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. In some studies, phytosterols and phytostanols have modestly reduced serum triglyceride levels especially in subjects with slightly increased baseline concentrations. Phytosterols and phytostanols lower LDL cholesterol by displacing cholesterol from mixed micelles in the small intestine so that cholesterol absorption is partially inhibited. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis have been carefully evaluated during phytosterol and phytostanol supplementation. However, only a few lipoprotein kinetic studies have been performed, and they revealed that LDL apoprotein B-100 transport rate was reduced. LDL particle size was unchanged, but small dense LDL cholesterol concentration was reduced. In subjects with metabolic syndrome and moderate hypertriglyceridemia, phytostanols reduced not only non- high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration but also serum triglycerides by 27%, and reduced the large and medium size very low density lipoprotein particle concentrations. In the few postprandial studies, the postprandial lipoproteins were reduced, but detailed studies with apoprotein B-48 are lacking. In conclusion, more kinetic studies are required to obtain a more complete understanding of the fasting and postprandial lipoprotein metabolism caused by phytosterols and phytostanols. It seems obvious, however, that the most atherogenic lipoprotein particles will be diminished.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosterols, Phytostanols, and Lipoprotein Metabolism

2015

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“…In the last decade, nutraceuticals and functional foods have attracted great scientific interest, with a number of clinical trials and animal studies addressing their potential role in blood lipid control and/or cardioprotection 11 . For instance, plant and fish-derived oils or fatty acids (e.g., olive oil, canola oil, n3 fatty acids, plant stanols/sterols) as well as antioxidants (e.g., polyphenols) are rigorously researched for their beneficial effects on blood lipid levels and cardiovascular health 12 13 14 15 16 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of N-acetylcysteine and sesame oil on lipid metabolism and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis homeostasis in middle-aged hypercholesterolemic mice

Κορού¹,

Agrogiannis²,

Koros

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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Hyperlipidemia and stress are important factors affecting cardiovascular health in middle-aged individuals. We investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and sesame oil on the lipidemic status, liver architecture and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of middle-aged mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. We randomized 36 middle-aged C57bl/6 mice into 6 groups: a control group, a cholesterol/cholic acid diet group, a cholesterol/cholic acid diet group with NAC supplementation, a cholesterol/cholic acid diet enriched with 10% sesame oil and two groups receiving a control diet enriched with NAC or sesame oil. NAC administration prevented the onset of the disturbed lipid profile, exhibiting decreased lipid peroxidation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, restored nitric oxide bioavailability and reduced hepatic damage, compared to non-supplemented groups. High-cholesterol feeding resulted in increased hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptors (GR) levels, while NAC supplementation prevented this effect. NAC supplementation presented significant antioxidant capacity by means of preventing serum lipid status alterations, hepatic damage, and HPA axis disturbance due to high-cholesterol feeding in middle-aged mice. These findings suggest a beneficial preventive action of plant-derived antioxidants, such as NAC, on lipid metabolism and on the HPA axis.

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“…In another study, 59 children between 4.5-15.9 years of age were divided into 2 groups: (i) 25 subjects with a LDL-C ≥ (130 mg/dl to receive a yogurtdrink enriched with 2 g of plant sterols for 6 to 12 months (intervention group) or (ii) 34 subjects with a LDL-C < 130 mg/dl (control group). Results indicated that plant sterol consumption reduced sdLDL in the intervention group compared to the control group in which they were unchanged [45]. In a previous study, 56 healthy participants received a diet that contained high amounts of saturated fat for 2 weeks; and subsequently were randomized to one of three dietary intervention treatments; refined olive oil, rapeseed oil or sunflower oil as the principal source of fat for 4 weeks.…”

Section: Phytosterols and Vegetable Oilsmentioning

confidence: 90%

The beneficial effects of nutraceuticals and natural products on small dense LDL levels, LDL particle number and LDL particle size: a clinical review

et al. 2020

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Evidence shows that smaller and denser low-dense lipoprotein (sdLDL) particles are independent atherogenic risk factors for CVD due to their greater susceptibility to oxidation, and permeability in the endothelium of arterial walls. sdLDL levels are an independent risk factor and of more predictive value than total LDL-C for the assessment of coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome. Functional food ingredients have attracted significant attention for the management of dyslipidemia and subsequently increase cardio-metabolic health. However, to date there is no study that has investigated the effect of these bioactive natural compounds on sdLDL levels. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize the evidence accrued on the effect of special dietary ingredients such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, nutraceuticals and herbal medicines on the levels of sdLDL, LDL particle number, and LDL particle size. Based on the results of the existing clinical trials this review suggests that natural products such as medicinal plants, nutraceuticals and omega-3 fatty acids can be used as adjunct or complementary therapeutic agents to reduce sdLDL levels, LDL particle numbers or increase LDL particle size and subsequently may prevent and treat CVD, with the advantage that theses natural agents are generally safe, accessible, and inexpensive.

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Plant sterols–enriched diet decreases small, dense LDL-cholesterol levels in children with hypercholesterolemia: a prospective study

Cited by 40 publications

References 26 publications

Phytosterols, Phytostanols, and Lipoprotein Metabolism

Phytosterols, Phytostanols, and Lipoprotein Metabolism

Impact of N-acetylcysteine and sesame oil on lipid metabolism and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis homeostasis in middle-aged hypercholesterolemic mice

The beneficial effects of nutraceuticals and natural products on small dense LDL levels, LDL particle number and LDL particle size: a clinical review

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