Plants for Controlling Parasites in Goats

Current Status for Controlling the Overlooked Caprine Fasciolosis

“…Natural plant-based extracts have been used in places such as Africa for their anthelminthic properties as an alternative to drugs. Plants contain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and condensed tannins that show activity against helminths [ 183 ]. Indigenous plants with such properties have been outlined in Mazhangara et al [ 183 ], denoting known efficacies and modes of action.…”

“…Plants contain phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins and condensed tannins that show activity against helminths [ 183 ]. Indigenous plants with such properties have been outlined in Mazhangara et al [ 183 ], denoting known efficacies and modes of action. Control of H. contortus and F. hepatica infections in Pakistan was achieved using a herbal deworming mixture in goats that could significantly reduce both F. hepatica egg (82.35%) and H. contortus egg (91.35%) counts compared to untreated animals [ 184 ].…”

Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza juncea var. sericea) for sustainable small ruminant production: Feed, helminth suppressant and meat preservation capabilities

“…Utility of polyphenols from other plants for prophylaxis of helminthiasis in small ruminants and their mechanisms of action have been reviewed previously (Hoste et al, 2012(Hoste et al, , 2006Kearney et al, 2016;Mazhangara et al, 2020). Plant polyphenols have been reported to inhibit nematode eggs from hatching through true ovicidal activity that stops eggs from developing beyond morula stage and inhibition of larval eclosion (Castañeda-Ramírez et al, 2019).…”

“…Synthetically manufactured feed supplements (e.g., urea, biuret and ammonium salts; Currier et al, 2004;Löest et al, 2001;Oba and Allen, 2003), anthelmintics (e.g., benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones and amino-acetonitrile derivatives; Besier et al, 2016) and meat preservatives (e.g., gallates, lactates and ascorbates; Ribeiro et al, 2019) have been used to improve ruminant performance, gastrointestinal health and meat quality, respectively. However, scarcity and high costs of these synthetics, especially in resource-limited communities, and increased consumer awareness of chemical residues within animal products and the environment have limited their utilisation in small ruminants (Mazhangara et al, 2020;Cunha et al, 2018;Makkar, 2016). Moreover, some of the synthetic anthelmintics and meat preservatives are linked with increased resistance in GIN (e.g., Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia species; Zvinorova et al, 2016) and meat pathogens (e.g., Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; Aziz and Karboune, 2018;Miranda et al, 2009), respectively.…”

“…However, adoption of L. juncea var. sericea among other legumes with multi-bioproperties worldwide is still in its infancy because most of the traditional knowledge lies in the hands of elderly smallholder farmers without rigorous scientific validation (Kearney et al, 2016;Mazhangara et al, 2020;Sanhokwe et al, 2016). The current review, therefore, appraises the nutritional and bioactive properties of L. juncea var.…”