Plasma Amino Acids of the Mid-Trimester Human Fetus

McIntosh, N.; Rodeck, C. H.; Heath, Robert G.

doi:10.1159/000242007

Cited by 45 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In the HM-Pr group the postprandial increment of the plasma amino acid concentration is comparable to those reported in infants of similar gestational age fed either human milk or formula (24). The postprandial plasma amino acid levels are also below those reported in a fetus during the midtrimester of gestation (27,28) and in the cord blood at birth (8,29). We can thus assume that the nitrogen intake of the HM-Pr group did not result in excessive plasma amino acid levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Supplementation of Pooled Human Milk with Casein Hydrolysate: Energy and Nitrogen Balance and Weight Gain Composition in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

et al. 1987

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[J.R., J.S.] ABSTRACI'. Growth and nitrogen and energy balances pooled pasteurized human milk had a low protein retention but were studied with a combined technique of nutrient balance also a high rate of fat deposition. These data suggested that and indirect calorimetry measurement in two groups of protein, rather than energy, should be added to pooled human eight very low birth weight infants fed pooled pasteurized milk. human milk (HM) or cow's milk casein hydrolysate sup-The aim of the present study was to compare nutrient and plemented H M (HM-Pr). There was no difference in the energy balance in two groups of VLBW boys fed either pooled amount of energy absorbed (91 f 17 kcal/kg/day with human milk or pooled human milk supplemented with hydro-HM-Pr versus 95 +: 8 with HM-P) or in the growth rate. lyzed cow's milk casein.The infants fed HM-Pr had a higher nitrogen intake (602 Infants. Eight VLBW boys of appropriate weight for gestational mg/kg/day; p < 0-01)-They had increased plasma age were investigated in each group (Table I). Informed parental concentrations of essential amino acids, urea nitrogen, and consent was obtained for each infant. N~~~ of the infants had total protein without metabolic imbalance. Energy expend-any medical problem at the time of the study. iture was higher (58 versus 49 kcal/kg/day;p < 0.005) andFeeding. The infants received an amino acid and glucose energy storage lower (33 versus 47 kcal/kg/day; p < 0s05) solution given parenterally from admission until oral feeding had with HM-Pr-In percent of weight gain, protein and fat reached an adequate volume. For all infants oral feeding was accretion represented 12 and 14% in HM-Pr group versus started within 24 to 48 h with pasteurized pooled expressed 10 and 27% in HM group. Very low birth weight infants human milk. Once the full diet had been reached, the infants fed casein hydrolysate supplemented pooled H M iichieved either continued on pooled HM (HM group) or on pooled HM a growth rate and a weight gain composition similar to the supplemented with milk casein hydrolysate (HM-P~ fetus. (Pediatr Res 21: 458-461, 1987) group). The casein hydrolysate (Peptones, Gallia, France), which is produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of cow's milk casein, conAbbreviations sists mainly of polypeptides with a molecular weight below 3500 HM, pooled pasteurized human milk daltons and has a low free amino acid and fat content (Table 2). In practice 1 g of casein hydrolysate is mixed with 100 ml of HM-Pr, pooled pasteurized human supplemented pooled HM. This increases slightly the total energy content of with hydrolyzed cow's milk casein RQ, respiratory quotient HM (+ 4.3 kcal/dl) but changes the nonprotein energy content VOz, oxygen consumption (+ 0.14 kcalldl) very little. In the HM-Pr group the study was VC02, carbon dioxide production performed after at least 2 wk of full feeding with the protein-VLBW, very low birth weight supplemented milk. At the time of the study all infants were fed by nasogastric tube every 3 h and were growing steadily....

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Supplementation of Pooled Human Milk with Casein Hydrolysate: Energy and Nitrogen Balance and Weight Gain Composition in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

et al. 1987

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“…This is particularly true for infants fed by continuous enteral infusion. Plasma levels may be compared with those reported for umbilical cord blood obtained during the delivery of full-term infants (17) or with values reported for fetal cord blood obtained between 19 and 29 wk of gestation (18). In our study, plasma levels of threonine, alanine, lysine, and valine of infants fed fortified human milk and plasma lysine of infants fed the whey-dominant formula were below the minimum values measured in the umbilical artery at term.…”

mentioning

confidence: 43%

Plasma Amino Acid Differences in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed either Human Milk or Whey-Dominant Cow Milk Formula

Schanler

Garza

1987

Pediatr Res

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When VLBW infants are fed a cow milk-based formula, a whey-rather than a casein-dominant formulation is recommended often (1,2). The assumption implicit in this recommendation is that an increased proportion of bovine milk whey in the formula's protein substantially increases the similarity between the formula and human milk (2). Differences in the proteins found in human and bovine wheys, however, weaken this premise. The predominant proteins in human whey are alactalbumin, SIgA, and lactoferrin; those predominant in bovine whey are p-lactoglobulin, IgG, and a-lactalbumin. The amino

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“…In healthy fetuses, umbilical cord blood concentrations of most amino acids are significantly higher than maternal concentrations at mid gestation and term with the exception of aspartate and glutamate (Cetin et al, 1990;McIntosh et al, 1984;Philipps et al, 1978;Soltesz et al, 1985). Placental tissue concentrations of free amino acids appear to be higher than in both fetal and maternal plasma (Camelo et al, 2004;Philipps et al, 1978).…”

Section: Amino Acid Transportmentioning

confidence: 93%

Placental nutrient supply and fetal growth

Desforges¹,

Sibley²

2010

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

147

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This review considers mechanisms by which transfer across the placenta takes place and how the capacity of the placenta to supply nutrients relates to fetal growth and vice versa. Blood flow through both uterine and umbilical circulations of the placenta, the structural properties of the placental exchange barrier and its related diffusional permeability, and the expression and activity of a wide range of transporter proteins in the syncytiotrophoblast, the transporting epithelium of the placenta, all need to be taken into account in considering placental supply capacity. We discuss the evidence that each of these factors affects, and is affected by, fetal growth rate and consider the regulatory mechanisms involved, with a particular focus on data that has emerged from study of the system A amino acid transporter. We consider that future work will build on the considerable foundation of knowledge regarding placental transfer mechanisms, as well as the other aspects of placental structure and function, to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for pregnancy complications, such as fetal growth restriction or overgrowth.

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Plasma Amino Acids of the Mid-Trimester Human Fetus

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

Supplementation of Pooled Human Milk with Casein Hydrolysate: Energy and Nitrogen Balance and Weight Gain Composition in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Supplementation of Pooled Human Milk with Casein Hydrolysate: Energy and Nitrogen Balance and Weight Gain Composition in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Plasma Amino Acid Differences in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed either Human Milk or Whey-Dominant Cow Milk Formula

Placental nutrient supply and fetal growth

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