Plasma Amino Acid Differences in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed either Human Milk or Whey-Dominant Cow Milk Formula

Schanler, Richard J.; Garza, Cutberto

doi:10.1203/00006450-198703000-00021

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These results are in accordance with other studies where growth rates, gross metabolic responses, and nitrogen balances are not influenced by the quality of protein used for fortification when similar protein and energy intakes are used [5,9,14,16,21,22].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The plasma amino acid profiles in LBW infants fed human milk fortified with bovine proteins [4,14] differ significantly from those observed in LBW infants fed exclusively human milk protein [11,13,20,21,22]. The amino acid composition of these bovine fortifiers depends on the amino acid composition of the protein used but it does not fulfill the nutritional needs of preterm infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Protein quality of human milk fortifier in low birth weight infants: Effects on growth and plasma amino acid profiles

Boehm¹,

Borte²,

Bellstedt

et al. 1993

Eur J Pediatr

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Serum preprandial essential amino acid, urea and prealbumin concentrations, and growth rates were studied in appropriate for gestational age low birth weight infants fed one of three regimens: (1) human milk enriched with human milk protein (n = 17); (2) bovine whey protein hydrolysate (n = 18; and (3) a mixture of bovine proteins, peptides and amino acids designed to have an amino acid composition close to that of human milk proteins (n = 18). Energy and nitrogen intakes were similar in all groups. Growth rates and gross metabolic responses did not differ between the feeding groups. There were also no differences in the amino acid profiles between those infants fed human milk protein fortifier and mixed bovine protein fortifier. Infants fed the whey fortifier had significantly higher threonine concentrations in comparison to those fed exclusively human milk protein (287 +/- 63 mumol/l vs 168 +/- 26 mumol/l) whereas the levels of some other essential amino acids (i.e. valine, leucine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine and tryptophan) were lower. The results indicate that growth rates and gross metabolic indices do not depend on the protein quality of human milk fortifiers. However, the addition of well balanced mixtures of bovine proteins to human milk results in amino acid profiles similar to those observed in LBW infants fed similar amounts of human milk proteins.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Protein quality of human milk fortifier in low birth weight infants: Effects on growth and plasma amino acid profiles

Boehm¹,

Borte²,

Bellstedt

et al. 1993

Eur J Pediatr

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“…In our study, the amount of free amino acids ranged from 39.65 to 50.40 mg/ 100 mL through the lactation period, and its percentage of total amino acids increased from 2.4 to 4.2% in Taipei and from 1.9 to 3.9% in Kaohsiung. This result was similar to those of other studies (7,15,16). It also seems likely that free amino acids maintain the osmotic pressure of human milk (11) and preferentially contribute to the initial change in plasma free amino acid concentration of the infant because of their early intake (16).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This result was similar to those of other studies (7,15,16). It also seems likely that free amino acids maintain the osmotic pressure of human milk (11) and preferentially contribute to the initial change in plasma free amino acid concentration of the infant because of their early intake (16). The nutritional and physiological significance of these free amino acids re mains to be investigated further.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Crude Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition in Taiwanese Human Milk.

Chijang

Lau

et al. 2000

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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SummaryBreast milk provides the essential nutrients for infants in readily available form. The content of nitrogen in human milk is of great importance because it relates to the growth of infants in the early stage, and the composition of nitrogenated compounds varies according to the lactational stage. Three-hundred-and-three human milk specimens were obtained from 240 healthy mothers living in two different districts in Taiwan, and 264 specimens were used for the analysis. The crude protein content, total and free amino acid compositions as well as urea content were evaluated using pooled milk samples according to different lactational stages and geographical location. The crude protein content de creased sharply from colostrum (2.51g/100mL) to mature milk (1,25g/100mL), Total amino acids account for 80-85% of the crude protein throughout the whole lactation pe riod. Crude protein also contained 30 to 35mg/l00mL urea and 41 to 48mg/100mL free amino acids as non-protein nitrogen components. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids remained constant throughout the lactation period in spite of a decline in amino acid content. The amino acid composition per 1g of nitrogen varied during the lacta tion period. The differences of these lactational changing patterns of individual amino acids were probably reflected by variation of the protein composition during lactation. The sum of free amino acid content ranged from 43 to 50mg/100mL in Taipei and 40 to 45mg/100mL in Kaohsiung. Although the variations of free amino acids during the lacta tion period differed among amino acids, glutamic acid predominated in mature milk while phosphoethanolamine was predominant in colostrum.

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“…Free amino acids comprise 8-22% of nonprotein nitrogen and 5-10% of total amino acids in human milk (51)(52)(53). They are an important nitrogen source for the growing infant and are more readily absorbed than protein-derived amino acids (54). In a systematic review of the literature, Zhang et al (55) found that many of the free amino acids in term human milk decrease in concentration during the first 2 mo of lactation, whereas glutamine and glutamate increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation

Spevacek

Smilowitz

Chin

et al. 2015

The Journal of Nutrition

100

149

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Plasma Amino Acid Differences in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed either Human Milk or Whey-Dominant Cow Milk Formula

Cited by 38 publications

References 12 publications

Protein quality of human milk fortifier in low birth weight infants: Effects on growth and plasma amino acid profiles

Protein quality of human milk fortifier in low birth weight infants: Effects on growth and plasma amino acid profiles

Crude Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition in Taiwanese Human Milk.

Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation

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