Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation

Spevacek, Ann R.; Smilowitz, Jennifer T.; Chin, Elizabeth; Underwood, Mark A.; German, J. Bruce; Slupsky, Carolyn M.

doi:10.3945/jn.115.210252

Cited by 100 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…It is well established HM composition is dynamic over time, being dependent in part on stage of lactation 37–40 . Specifically, the fatty acid composition of breastmilk has been shown to differ by lactation stage 41, 42 , thus, samples included transitional (2-weeks) and established milk (4-months) to identify changes due to maternal obesity at each point individually.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in human milk independent of maternal BMI

et al. 2016

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Background/Objectives Excessive infant weight gain in the first 6-months of life is a powerful predictor of childhood obesity and related health risks. In mice, omega-6 fatty acids (FA) serve as potent ligands driving adipogenesis during early development. The ratio of omega-6 relative to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) FA in human milk (HM) has increased 3-fold over the last 30 years, but the impact of this shift on infant adipose development remains undetermined. This study investigated how maternal obesity and maternal dietary FA (as reflected in maternal red blood cells (RBC) composition) influenced HM n-6 and n-3 FAs, and whether the HM n-6/n-3 ratio was associated with changes in infant adipose deposition between 2-weeks and 4-months postpartum. Subjects/Methods Forty-eight infants from normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obese (OB) mothers were exclusively or predominantly breastfed over the first 4 months of lactation. Mid-feed HM and maternal RBC were collected at either transitional (2-weeks) or established (4-months) lactation, along with infant body composition assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. The FA composition of HM and maternal RBC was measured quantitatively by lipid mass spectrometry. Results In transitional and established HM, DHA was lower (P=0.008; 0.005) and the AA/DHA+EPA ratio was higher (P=0.05; 0.02) in the OB relative to the NW group. Maternal prepregnancy BMI and AA/ DHA+EPA ratios in transitional and established HM were moderately correlated (P=0.018; 0.001). Total infant fat mass was increased in the upper AA/DHA+EPA tertile of established HM relative to the lower tertile (P=0.019). The amount of changes in infant fat mass and % body fat were predicted by AA/EPA+DHA ratios in established HM (P=0.038; 0.010). Conclusions Perinatal infant exposures to a high AA/EPA+DHA ratio during the first 4-months of life, which is primarily reflective of maternal dietary FA, may significantly contribute to the way infants accumulate adipose.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in human milk independent of maternal BMI

et al. 2016

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“…Human milk varies greatly throughout lactation, with the colostrum very rich with immune factors and oligosaccharides that tend to decrease as lactation progresses [reviewed in 17 ]. Interestingly, we and others [19][20][21][22][23] observed a number of metabolites that change in concentration over time in human milk that includes amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and others ( Table 1 ). In general, oligosaccharides tend to decrease over time, while increases in lactose, several amino acids, as well as short-and medium-chain free fatty acids are noted.…”

Section: Human Milk and The Human Milk Metabolomementioning

confidence: 68%

“…One example of how maternal genetics tightly controls milk composition may be observed through the correlation of 2 of the more abundant oligosaccharides: 2 ′ -fucosyllactose (2 ′ FL) and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL). The concentration of these two oligosaccharides is dictated by the expression levels of enzymes encoded by the fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) and fucosyltransferase 3 (FUT3) genes, both of [20].…”

Section: Human Milk and The Human Milk Metabolomementioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics in Human Milk Research

Slupsky¹

2019

Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series

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The link between food and health is complex, particularly for the developing neonate, as the period after birth is the time when long-term programming is occurring notably in the neurologic, immune, and metabolic regulatory systems. Breastfeeding is known to have short-and long-term benefits, and yet the intricate relationship of this unique food with the neonate is not fully understood. Application of multi-omic approaches incorporating new bioinformatic tools will allow for better characterization of phenotypes over the traditional approaches that were limited to crude assessment of growth parameters and observation of clinical disease. Metabolomics has the capability of allowing for a relatively noninvasive assessment of phenotypes via the assessment of small molecules in biofluids such as serum or urine that provides an opportunity to assess metabolism systemically in the developing neonate. Metabolomics can also be used to assess the metabolic activities of gut microbes through measurement of microbial by-products in the stool. Understanding the composition of human milk, how its components work synergistically together, and how they change over time will provide insight into how immunity and metabolism is established in early life, and how it can potentially prevent the development of chronic diseases in later life.

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“…Anyway, a rapid one‐dimensional 1 H‐NMR based method was performed to identify the different HMO milk groups showing the power of this method in HMO immunodeterminant composition . Moreover, recent 1 H‐NMR metabolomics has been applied to characterize metabolites in colostrum, transition, and mature milk from mothers who delivered term and preterm infants, demonstrating that the metabolic profile is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk .…”

Section: Analysis Of Hmomentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances on separation and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides

et al. 2016

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Free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unique due to their highly complex nature and important emerging biological and protective functions during early life such as prebiotic activity, pathogen deflection, and epithelial and immune cell modulation. Moreover, four genetically determined heterogeneous HMO secretory groups are known to be based on their structure and composition. Over the years, several analytical techniques have been applied to characterize and quantitate HMOs, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high pH anion-exchange chromatography, off-line and on-line mass spectrometry (MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Even if these techniques have proven to be efficient and simple, most glycans have no significant UV absorption and derivatization with fluorophore groups prior to separation usually results in higher sensitivity and an improved chromatographic/electrophoretic profile. Consequently, the analysis by HPLC/CE of derivatized milk oligosaccharides with different chromophoric active tags has been developed. However, UV or fluorescence detection does not provide specific structural information and this is a key point in particular related to the highly complex nature of the milk glycan mixtures. As a consequence, for a specific determination of complex mixtures of oligomers, analytical separation is usually required with evaluation by means of MS, which has been successfully applied to HMOs, resulting in efficient compositional analysis and profiling in various milk samples. This review aims to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art techniques used in HMO analysis.

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Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation

Abstract: Overall, the metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk and subtle differences in some metabolite concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01841268.

Cited by 100 publications

References 58 publications

Early infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in human milk independent of maternal BMI

Early infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in human milk independent of maternal BMI

Metabolomics in Human Milk Research

Recent advances on separation and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides

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