Plasma augmented laser welding of 6 mm steel plate

Swanson, Philip; Page, Colin; Read, Elizabeth J.; Wu, H.

doi:10.1179/174329307x164283

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The good ductility of the welded joints, even with no post-weld heat treatment, was highlighted by the ability to be bent successfully with progressively smaller former diameters. 4. Microstructural examination showed that the K-GTA welds were free from gross porosity and other defects, in agreement with the results of the radiographic testing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…For example, in recent work, Swanson et al were able to achieve full penetration welding of a 6 mm thick low carbon steel plate at a speed of 1 m min 21 , using a 4 kW CO 2 laser. 4 However, high capital cost, low efficiency and the need for excellent joint fit-up due to poor bridging capacity are significant disadvantages of this process. 4 More recently, there have been significant advances in hybrid laser arc welding processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding of commercially pure zirconium

Lathabai¹,

Jarvis²,

Barton³

2008

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding (K-GTAW), a novel variant of GTAW, has been used to join commercially pure zirconium. The process enables single pass welding of 6?35 mm thick zirconium using conventional GTAW equipment and a high current torch, without expensive filler metal addition or joint preparation. The mechanical properties and the microstructure of the resulting joints were characterised. It is concluded that the K-GTAW process, with its high productivity combined with low capital investment requirements, can be successfully used for welding relatively heavy section zirconium.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding of commercially pure zirconium

Lathabai¹,

Jarvis²,

Barton³

2008

Science and Technology of Welding and Joining

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“…One of its main advantages involves the ability to bridge gaps between workpieces in excess of that possible during laser welding. 19,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Finally, the combination of the laser and the arc in hybrid welding allows for the use of significantly higher welding velocities to achieve deeper penetrations than possible with arc welding alone. [36][37][38][39][40] This enhanced capability allows for full penetration welds to be achieved in a single pass, thus removing the need for additional passes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems and issues in laser-arc hybrid welding

Ribic

Palmer

DebRoy

2009

International Materials Reviews

202

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Hybrid welding, using the combination of a laser and an electrical arc, is designed to overcome problems commonly encountered during either laser or arc welding such as cracking, brittle phase formation and porosity. When placed in close contact with each other, the two heat sources interact in such a way as to produce a single high intensity energy source. This synergistic interaction of the two heat sources has been shown to alleviate problems commonly encountered in each individual welding process. Hybrid welding allows increased gap tolerances, as compared to laser welding, while retaining the high weld speed and penetration necessary for the efficient welding of thicker workpieces. A number of simultaneously occurring physical processes have been identified as contributing to these unique properties obtained during hybrid welding. However, the physical understanding of these interactions is still evolving. This review critically analyses the recent advances in the fundamental understanding of hybrid welding processes with emphases on the physical interaction between the arc and laser and the effect of the combined arc/laser heat source on the welding process. Important areas for further research are also identified. List of symbols and acronymsa coefficient in the surface tension pressure term A area of the transverse weld cross-section (mm 2 ) B magnetic flux (kg s 22 A 21 ) c molar concentration of vapour inside keyhole (mol cm 23 ) C concentration of surface active elements (wt-%) C p heat capacity or specific heat (J kg 21 K 21 ) DCEN direct current electrode negative DCEP direct current electrode positive D LA horizontal distance between laser focal point and arc electrode tip dT/dy spatial temperature gradient on the weld pool surface (K mm 21 ) E A attenuated incident radiation (W) f distribution factor F b buoyancy force (N m 23 ) F emf Lorentz or electromagnetic force (N m 23 ) g acceleration due to gravity (m s 22 ) GMA gas metal arc GMAW gas metal arc welding GTA gas tungsten arc GTAW gas tungsten arc welding h depth of keyhole (mm) H heat input per unit length (J mm 21 ) HAZ heat affected zone HCP hexagonal close packed H f latent heat of fusion (J kg 21 ) I arc current (A) I a attenuated laser beam intensity (W) I m imaginary portion of the complex refractive index I o initial laser beam intensity (W) J flux of evaporating particles in keyhole (mol cm 22 s 21 ) J c current density (A m 22 ) k e extinction coefficient k thermal conductivity (W m 21 K 21 ) L characteristic length (half of the weld pool width) (mm) L P length of the plasma (mm) L R characteristic length of the weld pool (mm) m complex refractive index n refractive index N number density of scattering particles (no./mm) Nd:YAG neodymium:yttrium aluminium garnet P incident heat source power (W) P d power density (W mm 22 ) Pe Peclet number P r recoil pressure (Pa) P v vapour pressure (Pa) P n power or nominal power (W) P t total power of the heat source (W) International Materials Reviews 2009 VOL 54 NO 4223 P c pressure due to surfa...

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“…(19) and (20), as given below, for gas temperature, K T , and density, K The thermodynamic state and velocity of the air on each side of the shock wave are related by the Rankine-Hugoniot relations, where the most convenient forms to this application are given by Eqs. (21) and (22). K M is the Mach number in the vapor, /2…”

Section: Laser-induced Recoil Pressure and Keyhole Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1, hybrid laser-arc welding is formed by combining laser beam welding and arc welding. Due to the synergic action of laser beam and welding arc, hybrid welding offers many advantages over laser welding and arc welding alone [3][4][5][6] , such as high welding speed, deep penetration 7 , improved weld quality with reduced susceptibility to pores and cracks [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] , excellent gap bridging ability [17][18][19][20][21][22] , as well as good process stability and efficiency, as shown in Fig. 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%