Plasma Catecholamine Responses to Tracheal Intubation

Insulin secretion and glucose utilization are impaired under general anesthesia with sevoflurane as well as isoflurane in a concentration-independent manner

“…It has been shown that plasma catecholamine concentrations increased significantly following tracheal intubation [12]. In addition, plasma catecholamines were increased after rapid increases in sevoflurane or isoflurane concentrations under tracheal intubation [13].…”

Ketamine eliminates propofol pain but does not affect hemodynamics during induction with double-lumen tubes

“…However, neither 0.5 nor 1.0 mg kg -1 ketamine administration increased mean arterial pressure or heart rate significantly during DLT handling, which can increase heart rate and arterial blood pressure more severely [23][24][25]. In contrast, propofol also has side effects that include a large decrease in arterial pressure and occasional severe bradycardia when used to induce anesthesia.…”

“…However, ketamine has unfavorable adverse effects, including increased secretion production and sympathetic stimulation leading to increased arterial pressure and heart rate [17][18][19][20][21][22]. For lung surgery, a double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) is required to perform surgical procedures, with which intubation and placement of the tube are accompanied by increased heart rate and arterial blood pressure [23][24][25]. Therefore, ketamine could enhance cardiovascular responses during DLT handling.…”

Nicardipine versus lidocaine for attenuating the cardiovascular response to endotracheal intubation

“…The mechanism of cardiovascular response to intubation is assumed to be a reflex sympathetic reaction to the mechanical stimulation of the larynx and trachea. Significant elevations in serum levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine following laryngoscopy with and without tracheal intubation have been demonstrated [16][17][18]. A variety of anesthetic techniques and drugs are available to control the hemodynamic response to Table 2.…”