Plasma concentration and expression of adipokines in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue are associated with impaired left ventricular filling pattern

Abstract

Background Adipokines in serum derive mainly from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), being a relatively small but unique fat depot, probably does not make an important contribution to systemic concentrations of adipokines. However, proximity of EAT to cardiac muscle and coronary arteries allows cells and proteins to penetrate between tissues. It is hypothesized that overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in EAT plays an important role in pathophysiology of the heart. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between echocardiographic heart parameters and adipokines in plasma, epicardial, and subcutaneous fat in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, we evaluate proinflammatory properties of EAT by comparing that depot with subcutaneous adipose tissue. Methods The study included 55 male individuals diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent planned coronary artery bypass graft. Plasma concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, apelin, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as their mRNA and protein expressions in EAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were determined. Results Obesity and diabetes were associated with increased leptin and decreased adiponectin plasma levels, higher protein expression of leptin and IL-6 in SAT, and higher visfatin protein expression in EAT. Impaired left ventricular (LV) diastolic function was associated with increased plasma concentrations of leptin, resistin, IL-6, and adiponectin, as well as with increased expressions of resistin, apelin, and adiponectin in SAT, and leptin in EAT. Conclusions Obesity and T2DM in individuals with CAD have a limited effect on adipokines. Expression of adipokines in EAT and SAT is linked to certain heart parameters, however diastolic dysfunction of the LV is strongly associated with circulating adipokines.

Role of resistin, IL-6 and NH2-terminal portion proBNP in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…The high level of resistin and IL-6 was correlated with LVH and systolic dysfunction in Toczylowski et al 37 On ROC analysis of NT-proBNP, its cut-off level was 444.13 pg/ml, with an AUC of 0.987 (p<0.001), sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92.6%, which mean that NT-proBNP is a novel, sensitive, specific predictor biomarker for T2DM.…”

Hepatokines and adipokines in NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma

“…According to a systematic review and metaanalysis by Polyzos et al [199], higher circulating leptin levels were seen in NAFL and NASH when compared to healthy controls, and in NASH when compared to NAFL. Increased serum J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f leptin levels also correlated with increased NAFLD severity [199], and a recent study further showed that obesity and T2DM were associated with increased leptin and decreased adiponectin serum levels in patients with coronary artery disease [200]. In addition, higher protein expressions of leptin and IL-6 in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were observed in male patients with coronary artery disease [200].…”

“…Leptin has an oncogenic potential and stimulates the proliferation, tumor invasiveness and migration of HCC cell lines [201,207] and cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro [208], while adiponectin antagonizes the oncogenic activity of leptin in HCC [201]. In addition, normal and malignant cholangiocytes express leptin and both long and short isoform of leptin receptors [200,208]. Overall increased leptin serum levels seem to be associated with carcinogenesis in obesity [209].…”

“…Visfatin (also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase or Nampt), is an adipokine highly expressed in epicardial adipose tissue of male patients with coronary artery disease [200,220]. Plasma visfatin levels are significantly elevated in NAFLD patients compared to healthy controls [221,222], and it has been suggested that plasma visfatin concentrations might predict the presence of portal inflammation in NAFLD patients [223].…”

The Role of Secretory Activity Molecules of Visceral Adipocytes in Abdominal Obesity in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review

“…Investigators believe that a high level of leptin is related to low arterial extensibility and participates in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via mechanisms different from vascular relaxation. Some authors have noted a connection between serum concentrations of leptin and various cardiovascular risks, including stroke, chronic heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and left ventricle hypertrophy [30][31][32][33][34]. It seems worthwhile to study leptin/adiponectin ratios.…”