Plasma concentrations of flumequine after intra-arterial and oral administration to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to low water temperatures

Sohlberg, Sidsel; Czerwińska, Krystyna; Rasmussen, Knut; Søli, N. E.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(90)90100-2

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The elimination rate of enrofloxacin is known to decrease at lower water temperatures (Bowser et al 1992). Prolonged elimination times at low water temperatures have also been observed following the administration of flumiquine, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial (Sohlberg et al 1990). Steffenak et al (1991) reported de- tectable enrofloxacin in various tissues at 80 d after the end of the administration of 10 mgkg for 10 d at approximately 6 C. In that study, skin showed the highest residual concentrations; consistent with our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter Field Trials of Enrofloxacin for the Control of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Salmonids

Hsu

Bowser

Schachte

et al. 1995

J World Aquaculture Soc

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The antimicrobial enrofloxacin (Baytril®, Bayer) was evaluated under field conditions in the winter months for treatment of clinical Aeromonas salmonicida infections in salmonids by feeding medicated diets. Two trials in which lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were treated with enrofloxacin at 10mg/kg per d for 10d resulted in reduced mortalities when compared to non‐medicated controls. A third trial in which Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were treated required 20d for the fish to consume the 10d medicated ration, due to poor feeding. This resulted in an effective dose of 5mg/kg per d for 20d. In spite of the lower feeding activity, a reduction in mortalities in medicated fish was observed. Tissue concentrations of drug were in excess of minimum inhibitory concentrations of the drug for the A. salmonicida isolates tested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter Field Trials of Enrofloxacin for the Control of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Salmonids

Hsu

Bowser

Schachte

et al. 1995

J World Aquaculture Soc

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“…The plasma drug concentration-time curve following i.v. administration was best described by a one-compartment model, and hence, the slower terminal excretion phase commonly described for drugs in fish (5,24,26) would not have been revealed. Therefore, the elimination half-life in this study, based on a two-compartment kinetic model, will probably be more correct than that estimated by a one-compartment model in the previous study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C

Martinsen

Horsberg

1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

110

105

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Quinolones are currently the most commonly used group of antimicrobial agents in Norwegian aquaculture. The aims of this study were to examine and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of the quinolones oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin after intravascular and oral administration to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by using identical experimental designs. The study was performed in seawater at 10.2 ؎ 0.2؇C with Atlantic salmon weighing 240 ؎ 50 g (mean ؎ standard deviation). The bioavailability varied considerably among the four quinolones. Following oral administration of medicated feed, the bioavailabilities of oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin were 30.1, 44.7, 2.2, and 55.5%, respectively. Taking the different dosages (25 mg/kg of body weight for oxolinic acid and flumequine and 10 mg/kg for sarafloxacin and enrofloxacin) into account, enrofloxacin showed the highest maximum concentration in plasma, followed by flumequine, oxolinic acid, and sarafloxacin. Following intravenous administration, the volumes of distribution at steady state of oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin were 5.4, 3.5, 2.3, and 6.1 liters/kg, respectively. Hence, all the quinolones showed good tissue penetration in Atlantic salmon. The elimination half-life of three of the quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, and sarafloxacin, was less than or equal to 24 h, with oxolinic acid showing the shortest (18.2 h). On the other hand, the elimination half-life of enrofloxacin was estimated to be 34.2 h, almost twice that of oxolinic acid. This study showed that flumequine and enrofloxacin had better pharmacokinetic properties, compared with those of oxolinic acid, in Atlantic salmon held in seawater.In recent years, the quinolones oxolinic acid and flumequine have been the most frequently used antimicrobial agents in Norwegian aquaculture (17). Sarafloxacin, enrofloxacin, and other fluoroquinolones have showed enhanced in vitro activities compared with those of older quinolones, such as oxolinic acid and flumequine, against fish pathogenic bacteria (2, 21). Studies have also revealed better bactericidal activity (3, 16), as well as promising clinical efficacy in treatment of bacterial fish diseases (6,14,29). The chemical structures of oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin are shown in Fig. 1.The pharmacokinetic properties of quinolones have not been extensively studied in fish. However, there are several single reports indicating that their pharmacokinetic properties vary considerably from one compound to another (7,11,19,24). It is therefore important to clarify the pharmacokinetic properties of the different quinolones in fish, so as to be able to select the most beneficial compound for the treatment of bacterial fish diseases.Some data concerning the pharmacokinetic properties of oxolinic acid and flumequine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are available (11,12,24). As regards sarafloxacin and enrofloxacin in Atlantic salmon, one paper on the kinetics of s...

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“…In comparison, the maximum plasma concentration (C max ) of FLU was 3.1 µg ml -1 at a dose of 5 mg kg -1 in channel catfish (Plakas et al 2000), 1.4 to 2.7 µg ml -1 at a dose of 10 to 25 mg kg -1 in Atlantic halibut (Samuelsen & Ervik 1997, Hansen & Horsberg 1999, 1.07 to 1.91 µg ml -1 at a dose of 5 mg kg -1 in rainbow trout (Sohlberg et al 1990(Sohlberg et al , 1994, 1.42 to 2.26 µg ml -1 at a dose of 25 to 50 mg kg -1 in Atlantic salmon (Rogstad et al 1993, Martinsen & Horsberg 1995, and 1.9 µg ml -1 at a dose of 10 mg kg -1 in turbot (Hansen & Horsberg 1999).The time of FLU to reach its maximum plasma concentration in gilthead sea bream (16 h) is within the values reported by the aforementioned studies (6 to 54 h).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ample information exists on the pharmacokinetics of FLU in coldwater fishes including the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Sohlberg et al 1990(Sohlberg et al , 1994, the European eel Anquilla anguilla (Boon et al 1991, van der Heijden et al 1994, the common carp Cyprinus carpio (van der Heijden et al 1994), the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (O'Grady et al 1988, Rogstad et al 1993, Elema et al 1994, 1995, Martinsen & Horsberg 1995, the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Samuelsen & Lunestad 1996, Samuelsen & Ervik 1997, Hansen & Horsberg 1999, the turbot Scophthalmus maximus (Hansen & Horsberg 1999) and the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Plakas et al 2000).…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of flumequine and in vitro activity against bacterial pathogens of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata

Rigos

Tyrpenou²,

Nengas³

et al. 2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Plasma concentrations of flumequine after intra-arterial and oral administration to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to low water temperatures

Cited by 25 publications

References 5 publications

Winter Field Trials of Enrofloxacin for the Control of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Salmonids

Winter Field Trials of Enrofloxacin for the Control of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Salmonids

Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C

Pharmacokinetics of flumequine and in vitro activity against bacterial pathogens of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata

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