Plasma Leptin is Directly Related to Body Adiposity in Subjects with Spinal Cord Injury

Bauman, William A.; Spungen, Ann M.; Zhong, Yin-bao; Mobbs, CV

doi:10.1055/s-2007-979889

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is known that, at any given BMI, women are likely to have a greater percentage of body fat than men. As most methods for assessing body fat mass in humans are not perfectly precise, it is possible that imprecise control for the amount of body fat may have accounted in part for the discrepant results (Bauman et al, 1996).…”

Section: Regulation Of Leptin Gene Expression and Circulating Leptin mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology

Mantzoros

Moschos

1998

Clinical Endocrinology

190

117

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Obesity, a health problem reaching epidemic proportions in western countries, is an important risk factor for the most frequent diseases in the western world, i.e. diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. Thus, significant research efforts have been focusing on its aetiology, prevention and treatment. The recent discovery of leptin (from the Greek word leptos: i.e. thin), the product of the ob gene (Zhang et al., 1994), has greatly advanced our understanding of body adiposity and energy balance regulation. This hormone, produced mainly by adipose tissue, conveys to the brain information about the size of energy stores and activates hypothalamic centres that regulate energy intake and expenditure (Flier, 1997). Moreover, leptin affects several neuroendocrine mechanisms and regulates multiple hypothalamicpituitary axes (Flier, 1997). The realization that adipose tissue is not simply a storage depot, but also an important endocrine gland, has created new opportunities for the investigation and, possibly, treatment of diseases such as obesity and eating disorders.In this review, we discuss the biology of leptin secretion and regulation, as well as our current knowledge of the role leptin plays in various physiological and pathophysiological states. Although most available research studies have been based on animal models, a substantial amount of information has been accumulated over the last 3 years on the role of leptin in humans. Thus, this article mainly focuses on our current knowledge about the role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Finally, some of the important unanswered questions about leptin physiology are discussed and future directions for leptin research are suggested.

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Section: Regulation Of Leptin Gene Expression and Circulating Leptin mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology

Mantzoros

Moschos

1998

Clinical Endocrinology

190

117

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“…Leptin may also play a part in developing insulin resistance, 5 glucose intolerance 6 and increased cardiovascular diseases risks 7,8 so understanding the alterations of its plasma concentration after SCI may lighten new points in this field. In patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) the elevated level of leptin in serum has been previously reported 3,4,[9][10][11] but still the need of a combined analysis of changes in leptin concentration in spinal cord injured patients thorough systematic reviews and Meta analysis were felt. Although the investigations on leptin effects and changes after spinal cord injury are extremely limited, a constant agreement on elevated level of leptin in this group of patients is noticeable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of Leptin concentration in plasma in patients with spinal cord injury: A Meta-analysis

et al. 2013

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate changes of leptin concentration in plasma in patients with spinal cord injury to come to a single concept by using a Meta-analysis. Setting: Systematic Review. Methods: Searching relevant articles was performed in Ovid data base, Medline (PubMed) EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane and Scopus up to February 2013. Five articles were selected using two independent reviewers. Analysis were performed using SPSS version 18 and Comparative Meta-analysis software version 2.0. Results: The combined analysis with confidence interval of 95% using comprehensive meta-analysis showed significant higher leptin levels in patients with spinal cord injury in comparison with able bodies (Po0.0001). The effect of spinal lesion level on plasma leptin concentration was also statistically significant (Po0.0001). Body mass index was positively related to plasma leptin concentration in both groups (Po0.0001).Conclusion: This Meta analysis approves increased level of leptin in spinal cord injured patients which can be due to fat distribution changes and sympathetic dysfunction in these patients. Our results also showed that patients with higher spinal lesion level have higher plasma leptin concentration.

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“…Studies assessing body fat distribution in SCI have demonstrated an 8 to 18% increase in fat mass compared with that in able-bodied persons (33,34). Although a greater BMI may result in mechanical loading of the chest wall and reduced pulmonary function, adiposity is also associated with greater levels of circulating markers of systemic inflammation that have been linked to reduced pulmonary function in ablebodied individuals (35)(36)(37)(38)(39). In participants with a normal BMI, an increase in BMI was associated with a significant increase in FEV 1 and FVC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Change in FEV₁ and FVC in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Stolzmann

Gagnon²,

Brown³

et al. 2008

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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Rationale: Although respiratory dysfunction is common in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), determinants of longitudinal change in FEV 1 and FVC have not been assessed. Objectives: Determine factors that influence longitudinal lung function decline in SCI. Methods: A total of 174 male participants (mean age of 49 and 17 yr after injury) completed a respiratory questionnaire and underwent spirometry over an average follow-up of 7.5 years (range, 4-14 yr). Measurements and Main Results: In multivariate models, longitudinal decline in FEV 1 was significantly related to continued smoking, persistent wheeze, an increase in body mass index, and respiratory muscle strength. Aging was associated with an accelerated decline in FEV 1 (for ages ,40, 40-60, .60 yr: 227, 237, and 271 ml/yr, respectively). Similar effects were observed for FVC. Conclusions: Longitudinal change in FEV 1 and FVC was not directly related to level and severity of SCI, but was attributable to potentially modifiable factors in addition to age. These results suggest that weight control, smoking cessation, trials directed at the recognition and treatment of wheeze, and efforts to improve respiratory muscle strength may slow lung function decline after SCI.Keywords: respiratory function; longitudinal studies; smoking; body mass index Diseases of the respiratory system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) (1-3). Although there is improvement in pulmonary function over the first postinjury year, the natural history of change in pulmonary function after this time period has not been described. We established the VA Boston SCI Health Study to assess determinants of respiratory health and pulmonary function in chronic SCI and have reported that a lower FEV 1 and FVC at study entry was associated with an increased risk of dying over a median of 4.5 years (3). In addition to age and SCI level and completeness of injury, significant crosssectional determinants of pulmonary function were lifetime pack-years smoked, persistent wheeze, respiratory muscle performance, and years since injury (4).Because SCI results in muscle paralysis that is determined by the neurologic level and completeness of injury, higher neurologic level and more complete injury will result in a greater degree of respiratory muscle dysfunction and a reduction in pulmonary function (i.e., FEV 1 and FVC) (5). However, there are not any reports describing whether persons with a higher neurologic level and more complete injury will have a more rapid longitudinal decline in FEV 1 and FVC than persons with less severe SCI or if other risk factors are important. In this study, we have extensively characterized potential risk factors for lung function decline with the goal of prospectively identifying factors associated with longitudinal change in FEV 1 and FVC in a cohort of persons with chronic SCI. Some of these results have been previously reported in the form of an abstract (6). METHODSBetween 1994 and 2001, 426 participants free fro...

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Plasma Leptin is Directly Related to Body Adiposity in Subjects with Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 42 publications

References 16 publications

Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology

Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology

Changes of Leptin concentration in plasma in patients with spinal cord injury: A Meta-analysis

Longitudinal Change in FEV₁ and FVC in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

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Plasma Leptin is Directly Related to Body Adiposity in Subjects with Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 42 publications

References 16 publications

Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology

Leptin: in search of role(s) in human physiology and pathophysiology

Changes of Leptin concentration in plasma in patients with spinal cord injury: A Meta-analysis

Longitudinal Change in FEV1 and FVC in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

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Longitudinal Change in FEV₁ and FVC in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury