Plasma Level of Macromolecules and Mathematical Calculation of Potential Energy in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals at NAUTH, Nnewi, Nigeria

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is associated with neutered metabolism and higher Energy Expenditure. This study aimed on the use of Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), AcetylCo-enzyme A (ACA) and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) as an index of energy utilization, storage and energy balance in Diabetic individuals. This is a longitudinal, prospective, case-controlled study involving seventy seven (77) diabetic individuals newly diagnosed attending diabetic clinic of Nnamdi Azikiwe University University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) aged 18-60 years both male and female not on anti-diabetic drug, were enrolled in the study as test subjects and thirty six (36) apparently healthy non-diabetic individuals both male and female as control subjects. ADP, FAD, ACA and NADH were estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while, energy balance from macromolecules was determined by calculation. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software application (version 21.0) and the results expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The Plasma Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), AcetylCo-enzymeA (ACA) and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH), were significantly lower (P<0.05) in both Diabetic pre-treatment and diabetic post-treatment group compared with control groups. Furthermore, the plasma level of ACA and NADH were significantly lower (P<0.05) in DM pre-treatment group compared with DM post-treatment group. While, the plasma concentration of ADP was significantly lower in DM post-treatment groups compared with DM pre-treatment groups. However, the Calculated energy from Macromolecules was lower (P<0.05) in DM groups compared with control group. Meanwhile, the calculated energy from Macromolecules in DM pre-treatment was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared with DM post-treatment. In conclusion, the significant changes in the biochemical parameters measured suggest altered metabolism, increased energy expenditure and energy deficit/energy imbalance in diabetic subjects resulting from increased energy expenditure. Hence, energy from macromolecules such as ADP, FAD, ACA and NADH can be used to predict early energy deficit and manage energy imbalance in diabetic individuals.

Evaluation of Some Hematological Parameters in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Attending Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba Based on Socio-Demographic Characteristics

“…Frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger are symptoms of high blood sugar [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Many complications are resulted as a cause of untreated diabetes [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death are as a result of acute complications.…”

Evaluation of Some Thyriod Hormones in Diabetics Attending Abia State University Teaching Hospital

“…Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death are as a result of acute complications. However, cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes are included as long-term complication [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. There is evidence that each of these dyslipidemia features is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”